Chapter 8 - Endocrinology - Disha Murali

Pituitary Gland:

Master endocrine gland; found in brain

Thyroid gland:

Found in the neck area; Produces both Thyroxine (Increases Metabolic reactions associated with Energy production, Growth, & development) (Can cause Hypothyroidism [def.] or Hyperthyroidism [excess]) and Calcitonin (Lowers blood Calcium & Phosphate levels) (Takes Calcium out of blood and stores it into bones)

Parathyroid glands:

Found near Thyroid Gland; produces Parathyroid Hormone (PTH); Increases blood Calcium levels & Lowers blood Phosphorus levels; Hypocalcemia (def.) (also called Osteoporosis); Decalcification (excess)

Adrenal Glands:

Found above kidneys; inner portion = Medulla (produces Epinephrine [Adrenalin] [Increases heart rate, metabolic rate, breathing & blood flow to muscles during exercise]) & outer portion = Cortex (Produces Mineralocorticoids [Aldosterone] [Causes kidneys to retain water & salt, (and excrete Potassium) into the urine])

Pancreas:

Found below liver; Contains Pancreatic Islets; Produces both insulin (Beta-cells; lowers blood sugar level [glycogenesis]; deficit can cause diabetes) and Glucagon (Alpha-cells; raises blood sugar level [Glycogenolysis])

Testes:

Produces Testosterone; Masculinizing hormone

Ovaries:

Produces both Estrogen (Feminizing hormone) and Progesterone (Increases vascularization of Uterus [womb] [grow blood vessels])

Thyroxin:

Thyroxine (Increases Metabolic reactions associated with Energy production, Growth, & development) (Can cause Hypothyroidism [def.] or Hyperthyroidism [excess])

Calcitonin:

Calcitonin (Lowers blood Calcium & Phosphate levels) (Takes Calcium out of blood and stores it into bones)

Syntheroid:

Artifictal medication prescribed for Cretinism

Hypothyroidism:

Hypothyroidism [def.] of thyroxine

Cretinism:

Short stature; developmental delays; part of newborn screening; medication = synthroid

Hyperthyroidism:

Excess amounts of Thyroxine produced

Parathyroid hormone:

PTH; Increases blood Calcium levels & Lowers blood Phosphorus levels; Hypocalcemia (def.) (also called Osteoporosis); Decalcification (excess)

Hypocalcemia:

Hypocalcemia (def.) (also called Osteoporosis)

Adrenal medulla:

Inner portion = Medulla (produces Epinephrine [Adrenalin] [Increases heart rate, metabolic rate, breathing & blood flow to muscles during exercise])

Adrenal Cortex:

Outer portion = Cortex (Produces Mineralocorticoids [Aldosterone] [Causes kidneys to retain water & salt, (and excrete Potassium) into the urine])

Epinephrine:

Epinephrine [Adrenalin] [Increases heart rate, metabolic rate, breathing & blood flow to muscles during exercise])

Aldosterone:

Mineralocorticoids [Aldosterone] [Causes kidneys to retain water & salt, (and excrete Potassium) into the urine])

Cortisol:

Raises blood sugar level; Addison’s Disease (def.); Cushing’s Disease (excess).

Addison’s Disease:

Low cortisol:

Cushing’s Disease:

High cortisol

Insulin:

Insulin (Beta-cells; lowers blood sugar level [glycogenesis]; deficit can cause diabetes)

Glucagon:

Glucagon (Alpha-cells; raises blood sugar level [Glycogenolysis])

Diabetes Mellitus:

Def. of Insulin

Glycogesesis:

Process of lowering blood sugar level

Glycogenolysis:

Process of raising blood sugar level

Testosterone:

Masculinizing hormone

Estrogen:

Feminizing hormone

Progesterone:

Increases vascularization of Uterus (womb); grow blood vessels

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Maintain Vascularization of Uterus (womb) during pregnancy

Placenta:

Hormone only used during Pregnancy

Gestation:

Sex organ.