AP Psychology Unit 9

Personality

the unique and relatively stable way in which people think, feel, and behave

Character

value judgements of a person’s moral and ethical character

temperament

enduring characteristics from when a person was born

Unconscious mind

part of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, and memories are kept that are not easily brought into the consciousness

Id

part of the mind that is completely unconscious, pleasure seeking and contains all the basic biological drives.

Pleasure principle

part of the Id, desire for immediate gratification

Ego

executive director, mostly conscious, rational, logical, balances both the Id and the superego

Superego

moral watchdog, develops as we learn morals

moral anxiety

the bad feeling we get when we do something bad

Repression

a defense mechanism: person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing it into the unconscious.

Rationalization

person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior

projection

unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating from someone else, usually the target of the og impulses

Denial

refusal to accept reality

Reaction formation

the person forms an emotional or behavioral reaction opposite to the way they really feel in order to keep the true feelings hidden

Displacement

redirecting feelings onto a less threatening target

Regression

person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situation

Identification

a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

Compensation (substitution)

a person makes up for deficiencies in one area by becoming superior in another

Sublimation

channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior

Psychosexual stages

Freuds believed personality development stages

Oral stage

Infant to 1 1/2- orally fixated adults do more mouth things

Anal stage

1-3, toilet training, anally fixated adults- explosive(messy) retentive(uptight)

Phallic stage

3-6 castration anxiety, penis envy, and oedipus complex

Latency stage

6-puberty, boys and girls repress sexual feelings and only play with their same gender

Genital stage

Entry to adulthood, final process

Carl Jung

Believed in personal and collective memory

Collective memory

Memories shared by all humans, individual memories called archetype

Alfred Adler

Disagreed with the amount of attention on sex, and believed all the stages were instead based on who we felt inferior to- wee seek superiority- also believed in birth order

Karen Horney

Focused on children’s anxiety, and how stable the environment in which they were raised

Erik Erickson

Focuses on important relationships, Erik’s 8 stages

Behaviorist personality theory

behavior is patterns of the habits that we have learned in our lives

Social conative theory

emphasize the influence of others on our behavior

Bandura’s Social cognitive theory

personality is the balance of three factors, the environment, the behavior itself, and the personal cognitive factors the person brings into the situation

Self efficacy

the expectancy of hour our personal efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

Reciprocal determinism

bandura’s explanation on how the 3 factors interact to determine behavior

Julius Rotter’s theory

Locus of control, tendency of people tot assume they either have control, or don’t have control over the events and consequences of life

Internal locus of control

believe their actions directly affect consequences (high achievement, high motivation)

External locus of control

assume lives are controlled by others, luck, or fate, leads to hopelessness and depression

Expectancy

a person’s feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

Self actualizing tendency

striving to fulfil one’s innate capacities and capabilities

Self concept

image of one’s self that develops from interactions with important people

Real self

one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits and abilities

Ideal self

one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be (influenced by important people)

Positive regard

warmth, love, and affection from significant others

Unconditional positive regard

given without strings attached- necessary to explore and achieve

Conditional positive regard

positive regard that depends, or seems to depend, on what those people want

fully functioning person

one who is in the process of self-actualization

Trait

a consistent and enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

trait theory

tries to describe characteristics that make up personality in an effort to predict behavior

Cattel and the 16 PF

defined 16 traits for each person, and defined the surface traits, and the source traits

Surface vs Source Traits

Surface - traits easily seen by others

source- basic traits that underline the surface traits, from the core of personality

The big five factor model of personality

Cattel’s theory narrowed down to 5, influenced by Carl Jung

Openness

how willing is the person to try new things

Conscientiousness

the care a person gives to organization, and thoughtfulness of others, dependability

Extroversion

how outgoing and sociable or solitary and in the background

agreeableness

basic emotional style, easygoing or grumpy

neuroticism

overall emotional stability or instability.