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What are the bases of DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What is semiconservative replication?
Each new helix contains a strand from the parent DNA molecule and a newly synthesized strand
Two strands in a double helix are never the same age
What is Mendelian Genetics?
a theory of genetic inheritance which was developed by Gregor Mendel
Who was Gregor Mendel?
father of modern genetics who tested his theories with pea plants
What is helicase?
Unzips DNA strands
What is primase?
uses a DNA single strand as a template and synthesizes a short piece of RNA in the 5'-->3' direction from left to right then the RNA primer synthesized by it will be in the 5'->3' direction from right to left
What is DNA polymerase?
an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA
What is the leading strand?
The strand where replication moves towards the replication fork (follows helicase)
5' to 3'
What is the lagging strand?
The strand where DNA replication moves away from the replication fork
3' to 5'
Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants?
They reproduce quickly (Short life cycle)
Easily control how they mate (easy to grow)
they also have many easy traits to study
Pea color
Pea shape
Pod color
Flower color
Pod shape
Plant size
What is the law of dominance?
One allele can be dominant to another and will show up in the phenotype if present
In a Hybrid, only the dominant trait is seen
No Blending of traits
What is a genotype?
genetic makeup of an individual
What is a phenotype?
physical appearance
What did Mendel not know about during his research?
Chromosomes
DNA
Genes
Meiosis
What were Mendel's laws?
law of dominance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment
What is the law of segregation?
Alleles segregate or separate during
meiosis and can come together in different
pairings
What is the law of independent assortment?
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
Traits are usually inherited independent of each other (Ex. Blond hair does not always go with blue eyes)
Linked-genes are an exception
Random how pairs assort themselves or
line up at equatorW
What are linked genes?
genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
What is the Gene Chromosome Theory?
Genes are located on chromosomes in a linear fashion/ sequential order
Give letter abbreviations for Alleles
The dominant allele wins the letter type and is capitalized
The recessive allele is lowercase
Ex. Tall is Dominant over Short
T=Tall Allele
t=short Allele
What is a locus?
Location of a gene on a chromosome
What is the function of DNA?
store genetic information
What is a gene?
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
What is an allele?
an alternative version of a gene
What are the 3 types of genotypes of diploid organisms?
Homozygous Dominant ex. TT
Homozygous Recessive ex. tt
Heterozygous or Hybrid ex. Tt
Can you see a genotype?
No, you cannot. it is the genetic makeup. the physical thing you can see is phenotypes
What is the basic explanation for all of Mendel's laws?
Law of Dominance:
Tt=T wins
Law of Segregation
Tt becomes T and t during meiosis
Law of Independent Assortment
T and G(green color) will be packaged into
gametes independent of each other if they are
on different chromosomes and are not
"Linked"
What is a punnett square?
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
What is a monohybrid cross?
A cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character
Tt x Tt
What is a genotypic ratio?
homozygous dominant: heterozygous: homozygous recessive
1:2:1 in monohybrid cross
What is a phenotypic ratio?
The ratio of different phenotypes in the offspring
3:1
What is a test cross?
crossing an organism with a dominant phenotype (unknown if homo or hetero, want to find out) with one that has a recessive phenotype to find out
What is a test cross used for?
To determine the genotype of an unknown parent.
How do you track multiple traits?
YyRr x YyRr
Treat each trait independently
Yy x Yy= YY(1/4) Yy (1/2), yy (1/4)
Rr x Rr= RR (1/4), Rr (1/2), rr (1/4)
Multiply individual probabilities
Note 
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