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U.S. Constitution
The document that established the democratic framework for the U.S. government, signed on September 17, 1787.
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, guaranteeing civil liberties.
Cotton Gin
An invention by Eli Whitney in 1793 that revolutionized the cotton industry by efficiently separating cotton fibers from seeds.
George Washington
The first President of the United States, inaugurated on April 30, 1789.
Alexander Hamilton
Appointed Secretary of the Treasury on September 11, 1789, he shaped the nation's economic policies.
Assumption Bill
Passed in 1790, it gave the federal government control over state debts to strengthen national unity.
Washington’s Farewell Address
Delivered on September 17, 1796, advising against political parties and foreign alliances.
Election of 1796
The first contested presidential election resulting in John Adams becoming President and Thomas Jefferson Vice President.
Revolution of 1800
The election where Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking the first peaceful transition of power between political parties.
Marbury v. Madison
The 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.
Louisiana Purchase
The 1803 purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of the U.S.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
An expedition from 1804-1806 to explore the Louisiana Territory and establish relations with Native Americans.
Election of 1804
Thomas Jefferson was re-elected, confirming support for his policies including the Louisiana Purchase.
Embargo Act
The 1807 act that halted foreign trade in response to British and French interference, damaging the U.S. economy.
Slave Importation Ban
In 1808, Congress banned the importation of enslaved people as a move to curb the spread of slavery.
Battle of Tippecanoe
A battle in 1811 between American forces and Native American tribes, led by Tecumseh, increasing tension leading to the War of 1812.
War of 1812
A conflict with Britain over trade interference, ending with the Treaty of Ghent in 1815.
White House Burned
British forces burned Washington, D.C., on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812.
Treaty of Ghent
The treaty that ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war boundaries and affirming American sovereignty.
Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson's significant victory in 1815 after the War of 1812, which boosted American nationalism.
Erie Canal
Constructed between 1817-1825, it linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, facilitating trade and expansion.
Frederick Douglass
Born in February 1818, he became a leading abolitionist advocating for African American rights.
McCulloch v. Maryland
The 1819 Supreme Court ruling strengthening federal authority by declaring states cannot tax federal institutions.
Capital Crime for Slave Importation
In 1820, Congress made the illegal importation of enslaved people a capital crime.
Missouri Compromise
The 1820 compromise allowing Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain balance.
Monroe Doctrine
Announced in 1823, it declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization.
Tariff of Abominations
An 1828 protective tariff raising taxes on imports, angering Southern states.
Andrew Jackson
Elected as the 7th President of the U.S. in 1828, known for populism and political change.
B&O Railroad
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began construction in February 1830, marking a significant advancement in transportation.
Indian Removal Bill
Passed in May 1830, it forced Native American tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi River.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
A slave rebellion led by Nat Turner in 1831 that increased Southern fears of uprisings.
Texas Independence
Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836, leading to the Texas Revolution.
Mexican-American War
A conflict from 1846-1848 resulting in the U.S. gaining territories through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Gold Rush
The 1849 discovery of gold in California that led to a mass migration and rapid population increase.
Compromise of 1850
An attempt to resolve slavery disputes in the territories, including the Fugitive Slave Act.
Republican Party
Formed in March 1854 in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the spread of slavery.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The 1854 act opening new territories to slavery, leading to violent conflict termed 'Bleeding Kansas'.
Dred Scott Decision
The 1857 Supreme Court ruling stating that enslaved people are property, escalating tensions between North and South.
John Brown’s Raid
In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid on Harpers’ Ferry hoping to incite a slave rebellion.
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln's election resulted in a split in the Democratic Party and the beginning of Southern secession.