animal science unit 2

what is a nutrient

any feed constituent that functions to support life

what is difference between concentrates and roughages

concentrates are high in energy, low in fiber, highly digestible (80-90%), cereal grains

roughages are less digestible (50-65%), legumes and grasses, silage

what are the six classes of nutrients

water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, mineral, vitamins

true or false: water is the most important nutrient

false

what is the process for silage

the feed ferments and digests sugars to stablize it in an anaerobic environment

metabolism

all chmical reactions in the body that sustain life

dry matter

the remainder of the feed after accouting for moisture

what makes up a carbohydrate

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen based on the complexity of their chemical structure

how do ruminants utilize cellulose

the microbes get to it first to break it down and then the cow gets whatever is leftover

what is the primary carb in swine and poultry

starch

how many carbons are in a sugar (monosacchrides)

5 or 6

true or false: fats are solid at room temp while oils are liquid at room temp

true

fats have how much more energy per pound than carbs

2.25 times more energy

what is a prostaglandins

F2 alpha resets animals body for breeding

do animals need cholestrol, if so how much?

Yes, they need a moderate amount

what element is in protein than isnt in any other nutrient class

nitrogen

limiting amino acids

those not provided in sufficent quantity to allow for the normal synthesis of a protein, which needs to be provided in excess

essential

provided through dietary means/microbial action in ruminants

nonessential

synthesized by the animal

difference between macro and microminerals

required in large vs small amounts

true or false: ashes are not a way to give an animal minerals

false

are mineral ratios important, if so why?

yes, because calcium and phosphorous aid in bone growth

what are the 3 ways a vitamin can be given

powder, liquid, or injection

what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

what does each fat soluble vitamin do?

A: repair internal and external body linings

D :proper use of calcium and phosphorous for bone growth

E: antioxidant and prevention of cell membrane breakdown

K: blood clotting to prevent hemorrhages

what is an example of each fat soluble vitamin

A: carrots

D :sunlight and sterols of the skin

E: moistrizer

K: plants

what diseases are caused by lack of water soluble vitamins? and what vitamin is lacking for each?

scurvy: vitamin C

Anemia: B12

rickets: vitmain D

can water soluble vitamins be synthesized by monogastrics

no

what does proximate analysis do?

separate feed components into groups

what groups does proximate analysis include, listed in order of the process?

water, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract, ash

what is proximate analysis measured on

dry matter basis

what is the definition of crude

not an exact measurement

digestibility

the amount of various nutrients in a feed that are absorbed by the digestive tract

how do you calculate apparent digestability

difference in nutrients fed and nutrients excreted

how do you calculate percentage digestability

( nitrogen in feed — nitrogen in feces / nitrogen in feed ) * 100

what is energy

the capacity to accomplish work on the macroscale or the amount of heat produced when a nutrient is completely oxidized during digestion

what drives metabolism

energy

what are the sources for energy

proteins, fats, and carbs

what is the historically most commonly used energy estimation system

total digestible nutrients

what is the most commonly used energy estimation system and why

net energy bc its more precise measurement and its megacalories per lb or kg

difference btwn calorie, kilocalorie, and megacalorie

cal: amount of energy for 1g to be raised 1 degree

kcal: amount of energy for 1 kg to be raised 1 degree

Mcal: 1,000 kcal or 1 mil cal

true or false: the oxidation rate is the same if something is cold or hot

true

what is maintenance

steady state in which an animal is neither gaining or losing energy

what is production

fetal development, semen production, growth, milk, eggs, wool, everything after the bare minimum is met

true or false: in order for production to happen maintenance has to be met

true

true or false: you do not feed past maintenance level

false

basal metabolism

the amount of energy to do the bare minimum and exist

gross energy (GE)

the quantity of heat (cal) released from complete burning of feed in bomb calorimeter

how to calculate digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy, and heat increment

DE = GE - fecal energy

ME = DE - urine and gaseous products of digestion

NE = ME - energy used in consumption, digestion, and metabolism of feed

HI = ME - NE

true or false: higher rates of weight gain require more per unit bc composition of gain varies with rate of growth

true

what are the classification of feeds?

feedstuffs, non nutritive items (paletable), dry roughages and forages, range pasture plants, silages, energy feeds, protein supplements, mineral supplements, vitamin supplements, non nutritive additives (antibiotics, flavors, hormones, meds)

what are examples of dry roughages and forages

hay, straw, fodder, stover, greater than 18% fiber

what are examples of energy feeds

cereal grains, mill by-products, fruits, nuts, and roots

what are examples of silages

corn, legume, grass, haylage, baylage

what are roughages

high in fiber and less digestable, low energy (produce slower gain), protein content varies, has greater than 18% fiber

does the age of the plant affect the digestiblility and if so how

yes the older the plant the less digestibility

what are concentrates

high in energy and highly digestable, low in fiber, considered a “hot diet”, produce rapid gain

what are protien supplements

feeds containing more than 20% protein and highly digestible, high in nitrogen, high energy content

what is urea

it is a protein supplement only given to ruminants that is not very paletable and can blow out the rumen

what are by products

variable nurient content, contain high moisture, beet pulp, bakery waste, apple pommace, distillers grains

true or false: you can feed ruminants french fries, hashbrowns, and candy as a by product

true

true or false: the type of corn increases digestability

true

how long should hay be for optimum digestibility

3-4 inches

what is asodosis

something is too digestible for a ruminant and can cause gut issues

what does a “too hot diet” mean

there is too much energy in the diet

what does a selenium deficiency do to cattle

it gives them a red coat

what does a vitamin A deficiency do to cattle

causes eye problems

what does a calcium, phosphorous, or vitamin D deficiency do to cattle

causes rickets

what does a vitamin E deficiency do to cattle

causes white muscle disease

what is a hardware disease

it is the build up metallic items in the reticulum

what is a preventative for hardware disease

rumen magnet that captures any metallic substance and keeps it in the bottom of the reticulum

true or false: you can remove a rumen magnet before slaughter

false

what does hardware disease do to the heart

the build up metallic substances in the reticulum rotates around and rubs against the pericardial sac which then causes fluid to build up around the heart making the heart have more pressure applied to it and work harder

what is hypocalcmic (milk fever)

causes muscle contractions and the excess amount makes the heart and other muscles lock up

carnivore, herbivore, omnivore

animal tissue, plant tissue, both plant and animal

monogastric

pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs; single chambered stomach; cant digest cellulose

ruminant

cattle, goat, sheep, deer, giraffe, camel; 4 chamber stomach; herbivore only; chew cud and digest cellulose

what is the digestive system processes

ingestion, propulsion, secretion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

monogastric digestive tract

mouth, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

what does the mouth, small intestine, large intestine do

reduce particle size, splitting food molecule and absorb, water absorb and form feces

what is the blind end of the colon called

cecum

what is the hindgut made of

cecum and colon

what does the crop do and where is it located

end of the esophagus, feed can be stored and some fermentation happens here

what do chickens have instead of stomach

proventriculus that secretes gastric juices and doesnt grind feed

where does the mechanical digestion happen in polutry

ingested moves to gizzard and grinds into finer particulars by strong muscle contractions

after gizzard where does the feed go?

small intestine then large intestine (2 ceca) to add volume, then cloaca where urine is added to volume

where does the material voided from the cloaca go

out through the vent

how do chickens break down feed

pecking and gizzard for mechanical breakdown

steps of monogastric digestion

ingested feed stimulates saliva→ chew reduce particle size/moist feed → amylase in saliva acts on starch → pass through esophagus → stomach

in monogastrics what does the stomach secrete

HCl, mucus, digestive enzymes pepsin and gastrin

what is the product made in monogastric stomach and where does it go

chyme moves to small intestine through perostalsis

true or false the microbes in the rumen become food for the cow

true

what is NPN

non protein nitrogen → urea

what are the 4 compartments of the rumen organ called

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

steps of digestion

mastication, amalyse, esophagus through peristalsis, chemical digestion, small intestine, large intestine, colon

rumen compartment

largest compartment, fermentation, 10-50 billion microbes, 1 million protozoa, digest cellulose and hemicellulose that make proteins b-vitamin VFA’s, acetic propionic and butyric acid

what are the 3 volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced

acetic, proprionic, and butyric acid

where is protein digested

in the rumen unless bypass; supports microbial growth and fucntions

what is on the inside of the rumen

papillae driven by grain

reticulum compartment

forward area of body cavity, trap large feed particles to allow for further digestion and rumination, mixed by contractions of reticulorumen wall, opens wall and moves microbes to assist bacteria, heavy or dense metal objects drop into here