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what is a nutrient
any feed constituent that functions to support life
what is difference between concentrates and roughages
concentrates are high in energy, low in fiber, highly digestible (80-90%), cereal grains
roughages are less digestible (50-65%), legumes and grasses, silage
what are the six classes of nutrients
water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, mineral, vitamins
true or false: water is the most important nutrient
false
what is the process for silage
the feed ferments and digests sugars to stablize it in an anaerobic environment
metabolism
all chmical reactions in the body that sustain life
dry matter
the remainder of the feed after accouting for moisture
what makes up a carbohydrate
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen based on the complexity of their chemical structure
how do ruminants utilize cellulose
the microbes get to it first to break it down and then the cow gets whatever is leftover
what is the primary carb in swine and poultry
starch
how many carbons are in a sugar (monosacchrides)
5 or 6
true or false: fats are solid at room temp while oils are liquid at room temp
true
fats have how much more energy per pound than carbs
2.25 times more energy
what is a prostaglandins
F2 alpha resets animals body for breeding
do animals need cholestrol, if so how much?
Yes, they need a moderate amount
what element is in protein than isnt in any other nutrient class
nitrogen
limiting amino acids
those not provided in sufficent quantity to allow for the normal synthesis of a protein, which needs to be provided in excess
essential
provided through dietary means/microbial action in ruminants
nonessential
synthesized by the animal
difference between macro and microminerals
required in large vs small amounts
true or false: ashes are not a way to give an animal minerals
false
are mineral ratios important, if so why?
yes, because calcium and phosphorous aid in bone growth
what are the 3 ways a vitamin can be given
powder, liquid, or injection
what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
what does each fat soluble vitamin do?
A: repair internal and external body linings
D :proper use of calcium and phosphorous for bone growth
E: antioxidant and prevention of cell membrane breakdown
K: blood clotting to prevent hemorrhages
what is an example of each fat soluble vitamin
A: carrots
D :sunlight and sterols of the skin
E: moistrizer
K: plants
what diseases are caused by lack of water soluble vitamins? and what vitamin is lacking for each?
scurvy: vitamin C
Anemia: B12
rickets: vitmain D
can water soluble vitamins be synthesized by monogastrics
no
what does proximate analysis do?
separate feed components into groups
what groups does proximate analysis include, listed in order of the process?
water, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract, ash
what is proximate analysis measured on
dry matter basis
what is the definition of crude
not an exact measurement
digestibility
the amount of various nutrients in a feed that are absorbed by the digestive tract
how do you calculate apparent digestability
difference in nutrients fed and nutrients excreted
how do you calculate percentage digestability
( nitrogen in feed — nitrogen in feces / nitrogen in feed ) * 100
what is energy
the capacity to accomplish work on the macroscale or the amount of heat produced when a nutrient is completely oxidized during digestion
what drives metabolism
energy
what are the sources for energy
proteins, fats, and carbs
what is the historically most commonly used energy estimation system
total digestible nutrients
what is the most commonly used energy estimation system and why
net energy bc its more precise measurement and its megacalories per lb or kg
difference btwn calorie, kilocalorie, and megacalorie
cal: amount of energy for 1g to be raised 1 degree
kcal: amount of energy for 1 kg to be raised 1 degree
Mcal: 1,000 kcal or 1 mil cal
true or false: the oxidation rate is the same if something is cold or hot
true
what is maintenance
steady state in which an animal is neither gaining or losing energy
what is production
fetal development, semen production, growth, milk, eggs, wool, everything after the bare minimum is met
true or false: in order for production to happen maintenance has to be met
true
true or false: you do not feed past maintenance level
false
basal metabolism
the amount of energy to do the bare minimum and exist
gross energy (GE)
the quantity of heat (cal) released from complete burning of feed in bomb calorimeter
how to calculate digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy, and heat increment
DE = GE - fecal energy
ME = DE - urine and gaseous products of digestion
NE = ME - energy used in consumption, digestion, and metabolism of feed
HI = ME - NE
true or false: higher rates of weight gain require more per unit bc composition of gain varies with rate of growth
true
what are the classification of feeds?
feedstuffs, non nutritive items (paletable), dry roughages and forages, range pasture plants, silages, energy feeds, protein supplements, mineral supplements, vitamin supplements, non nutritive additives (antibiotics, flavors, hormones, meds)
what are examples of dry roughages and forages
hay, straw, fodder, stover, greater than 18% fiber
what are examples of energy feeds
cereal grains, mill by-products, fruits, nuts, and roots
what are examples of silages
corn, legume, grass, haylage, baylage
what are roughages
high in fiber and less digestable, low energy (produce slower gain), protein content varies, has greater than 18% fiber
does the age of the plant affect the digestiblility and if so how
yes the older the plant the less digestibility
what are concentrates
high in energy and highly digestable, low in fiber, considered a “hot diet”, produce rapid gain
what are protien supplements
feeds containing more than 20% protein and highly digestible, high in nitrogen, high energy content
what is urea
it is a protein supplement only given to ruminants that is not very paletable and can blow out the rumen
what are by products
variable nurient content, contain high moisture, beet pulp, bakery waste, apple pommace, distillers grains
true or false: you can feed ruminants french fries, hashbrowns, and candy as a by product
true
true or false: the type of corn increases digestability
true
how long should hay be for optimum digestibility
3-4 inches
what is asodosis
something is too digestible for a ruminant and can cause gut issues
what does a “too hot diet” mean
there is too much energy in the diet
what does a selenium deficiency do to cattle
it gives them a red coat
what does a vitamin A deficiency do to cattle
causes eye problems
what does a calcium, phosphorous, or vitamin D deficiency do to cattle
causes rickets
what does a vitamin E deficiency do to cattle
causes white muscle disease
what is a hardware disease
it is the build up metallic items in the reticulum
what is a preventative for hardware disease
rumen magnet that captures any metallic substance and keeps it in the bottom of the reticulum
true or false: you can remove a rumen magnet before slaughter
false
what does hardware disease do to the heart
the build up metallic substances in the reticulum rotates around and rubs against the pericardial sac which then causes fluid to build up around the heart making the heart have more pressure applied to it and work harder
what is hypocalcmic (milk fever)
causes muscle contractions and the excess amount makes the heart and other muscles lock up
carnivore, herbivore, omnivore
animal tissue, plant tissue, both plant and animal
monogastric
pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs; single chambered stomach; cant digest cellulose
ruminant
cattle, goat, sheep, deer, giraffe, camel; 4 chamber stomach; herbivore only; chew cud and digest cellulose
what is the digestive system processes
ingestion, propulsion, secretion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation
monogastric digestive tract
mouth, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
what does the mouth, small intestine, large intestine do
reduce particle size, splitting food molecule and absorb, water absorb and form feces
what is the blind end of the colon called
cecum
what is the hindgut made of
cecum and colon
what does the crop do and where is it located
end of the esophagus, feed can be stored and some fermentation happens here
what do chickens have instead of stomach
proventriculus that secretes gastric juices and doesnt grind feed
where does the mechanical digestion happen in polutry
ingested moves to gizzard and grinds into finer particulars by strong muscle contractions
after gizzard where does the feed go?
small intestine then large intestine (2 ceca) to add volume, then cloaca where urine is added to volume
where does the material voided from the cloaca go
out through the vent
how do chickens break down feed
pecking and gizzard for mechanical breakdown
steps of monogastric digestion
ingested feed stimulates saliva→ chew reduce particle size/moist feed → amylase in saliva acts on starch → pass through esophagus → stomach
in monogastrics what does the stomach secrete
HCl, mucus, digestive enzymes pepsin and gastrin
what is the product made in monogastric stomach and where does it go
chyme moves to small intestine through perostalsis
true or false the microbes in the rumen become food for the cow
true
what is NPN
non protein nitrogen → urea
what are the 4 compartments of the rumen organ called
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
steps of digestion
mastication, amalyse, esophagus through peristalsis, chemical digestion, small intestine, large intestine, colon
rumen compartment
largest compartment, fermentation, 10-50 billion microbes, 1 million protozoa, digest cellulose and hemicellulose that make proteins b-vitamin VFA’s, acetic propionic and butyric acid
what are the 3 volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced
acetic, proprionic, and butyric acid
where is protein digested
in the rumen unless bypass; supports microbial growth and fucntions
what is on the inside of the rumen
papillae driven by grain
reticulum compartment
forward area of body cavity, trap large feed particles to allow for further digestion and rumination, mixed by contractions of reticulorumen wall, opens wall and moves microbes to assist bacteria, heavy or dense metal objects drop into here