Science Final

Erosion

The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports sediment from one location to another.

Lava

Magma that reaches Earth's surface.

Magma

Molten rock beneath Earth's surface.

Compaction

The process that presses sediments together.

Cementation

The process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and "glue" particles of sediment together into one mass.

Weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.

Sediments

Weathered rock fragments.

Sedimentary Rock

A rock that forms from compacted and cemented layers of sediment.

Metamorphic Rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

Igneous Rock

A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface.

Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted or cemented together.

Chemical Sedimentary Rock

Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals precipitate from a solution.

Intrusive Igneous Rock

Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth's surface. Coarse grained (large minerals, see image), and long cooling time.

Extrusive Igneous Rock

Rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth's surface. If it cools fast, it is fine grained, and if it cools very fast, it is glassy. See image.

Regional Metamorphism

Formation of metamorphic rock bodies that are hundreds of square kilometers in size, usually caused by plate tectonics.

Contact Metamorphism

Small scale metamorphism, close to magma.

Foliated Metamorphic Rock

A metamorphic rock with a texture that gives the rock a banded pattern (see image).

Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock

A metamorphic rock with a texture that gives the rock a scattered appearance (see image).

True

True or False; metamorphic rocks form many miles underground.

Organic

Fossil fuels come from ______ matter.

Plants, Fossil

Earth's heat and pressure turns ______ from long ago into ______ fuels.

Rock

Consolidated mixture of minerals.

Renewable Resource

Resource that is virtually inexhaustible and/or replenishes very quickly.

Nonrenewable Resource

Resource that takes millions of years to form and is clearly limited.

Hydrocarbon

What is used as fuel for fossil fuels?

Ore

Material from which useful mineral or minerals can be mined for a profit.

Hydroelectric Power

Power generated by falling water.

Geothermal Energy

Energy that can be extracted from Earth's internal heat.

Point Source Pollution

Water pollution, from a specific, known source.

Nonpoint Source Pollution

Water pollution, no known source.

Runoff

When water flows over the ground instead of into it.

Global Warming

A gradual increase in average global temperature in part due to high CO2 levels.

Compost

Decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer.

Recycling

Collection and processing of used material for new products.

Sun, Gravity

Two forces that drive the rock cycle.

Coarse, Fine, Glassy

_____ grain igneous rocks cooled slow, ______ grain igneous rocks cooled fast, and igneous rocks with a ______ texture cooled very fast.

Granitic Igneous Rock

Mostly quartz and feldspar.

Basaltic Igneous Rock

Darker silicates, iron rich, darker in color.

Fire

What is the meaning of the Latin word ignis?

Deposition

Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.

A

Chemical structure and formula for propane (see image). Type "A" to get this question right.

Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite

Four steps in coal formation.

Igneous Process

A large magma body cools and minerals crystallize and settle at the bottom.

Hydrothermal Solutions

Mineral rich hot water seeps into fractures and cracks between rocks, cools and leave mineral deposits.

Placer Deposits

Eroded minerals settle out of moving water.

Oil Shale

Rock containing kerogen.

Tar Sands

Mixture of bitumen, water, clay, and sand.

Sun

Most abundant energy resource on Earth (one word).

False

True or False; solar energy is cheap.

True

True or False; solar energy is not always reliable.

Nuclear Fission

The nuclei of heavy atoms are bombarded with neutrons and that causes this to split, creating energy. The way by which nuclear reactors create energy.

5-10%

What percentage of energy could wind power provide in the next 50 years?

Dam

The stored energy in hydroelectric power is water held behind the ______.

Sediments

Dams have a limited lifespan because the reservoir fills with ______.

True

True or False; drawbacks of hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and tidal power is that they are all limited to suitable sites.

Geothermal Energy

Water heated in underground reservoirs by volcanic forces and the steam is used to turn turbines.

Neutron

What type of particle is fired to create fission?

Uranium 235

An unstable, fissionable isotope of uranium.

71%

What percent of the earth's surface is covered by water?

Atmosphere

The chemical composition of the ______ helps maintain life by providing oxygen, protecting from harmful radiation, and maintaining surface temperature.

Greenhouse Gases

Maintains a warm temperature on Earth's surface.

Warming

Burning fossil fuels can contribute to global ______.

Conservation

The careful use of resources.

Clean Air Act

1970 law that established air pollution standards for private industry.

Clean Water Act

1972 law that was passed to reduce point source pollution.

Rock Cycle

The series of processes that changes one type of rock into another type of rock (most of the time).

Earth Science

A branch of sciences that study earth and space.

Meteorology

A kind of earth science that studies the climate and weather.

Oceonography

A kind of earth science that studies the ocean.

Astronomy

A kind of earth science that studies space.

Geology

A kind of earth science that can be divided into two groups, studying a timeline of earth and a study of our planet's processes.

Timeline

Historical geology tries to create a ______ of the earth.

Processes

Physical geology studies the ______ of the earth.

Atmosphere

Which sphere encompasses air?

Geosphere

Which sphere encompasses rocks, the crust, the mantle, and the core.

Biosphere

Which sphere encompasses all living things?

Hydrosphere

Which sphere encompasses water?

Hydrogen, Helium, Gravity, Collapse, Heat, Nuclear, Sun, Particles, Planets

The Nebular Hypothesis states that the solar system started as a cloud of dust and gas, made mostly of ______ and ______. ______ caused the cloud to ______, generating ______. ______ fusion occurred, forming the ______. ______ combined, forming the ______.

Atom

What is the smallest particle of matter that has properties of an element?

False

True or False; electrons have +1 mass.

True

True or False; electrons have a negative charge.

Electron

Which subatomic particle is in charge of bonding?

Proton

Which subatomic particle's number in an atom's nucleus decides the atomic number?

True

True or False; protons add +1 mass.

False

True or False; protons add -1 charge.

True

True or False; neutrons are located in the nucleus.

1

Neturons add +__ mass.

0

Neutrons add +__ charge.

False

True or False; electrons are located in the nucleus.

0

Electrons add +__ mass.

1

Electrons add-__ charge.

Isotope

An ______ is when two of the same kind of element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Bonding

Electrons are in charge of ______.

2, 8

Atom's bond to fill out their energy rings. The first ring has __ spaces, and the next has __.

Topographical, Contour

______ maps show elevation through ______ lines.

Equator

Latitude of 0 = ______.

Prime Meridian

Longitude of 0 = ______ ______.

False

True or False; a mineral can be organic.

Chemical Composition

Minerals must have a definite ______ ______.

True

True or False; a mineral has to be solid.