Economic Theme 2 definitions

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94 Terms

1
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What is actual growth?

Economic growth measured by changes in real GDP

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What does aggregate demand (AD) represent?

The total level of demand in an economy at any given price at a moment in time

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Define aggregate supply (AS).

The total amount of output in the economy at any given price at a moment in time

4
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What are animal spirits in economics?

The level of confidence of business owners

5
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What is the balance of payments?

A record of all financial dealings over a period of time between economic agents of one country and another

6
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What is the base year?

A year chosen as a good comparison in a series of data when building an index, automatically given an index figure of 100

7
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Describe a boom in the business cycle.

The peak of the business cycle, when growth is high

8
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What is a budget in economic terms?

Where the government lays out their spending and taxation plans

9
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Define budget deficit.

When the government spends more money than it receives

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What is a budget surplus?

When the government receives more money than it spends

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What does the circular flow model represent?

A model of the economy which shows the flow of goods and services, the factors of production, and money around the economy

12
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What does the claimant count measure?

Unemployment; the number of people receiving benefits for being unemployed

13
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How is the Consumer Price Index (CPI) used?

It is an official measure used to calculate the rate of inflation, using a weighted basket of goods.

14
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What is consumption in economics?

Consumer spending on goods and services

15
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Define cost push inflation.

Inflation caused by a decrease in Aggregate Supply (AS)

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What does the current account record?

The payments for the purchase and sale of goods and services, as well as income and transfers

17
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What is a current account deficit?

When more money leaves the country than enters, causing the current account to be negative

18
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What is a current account surplus?

When more money enters the country than leaves, causing the current account to be positive

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What is cyclical unemployment?

Unemployment caused by a lack of aggregate demand (AD)

20
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Define deflation.

A persistent fall in prices of goods and services

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What is a deflationary policy?

Fiscal or monetary policy aimed at reducing aggregate demand (AD)

22
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Describe demand pull inflation.

Inflation caused by an increase in aggregate demand (AD)

23
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What does depreciation mean in economic terms?

The reduction in the value of machinery over time

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What is a direct tax?

Taxes paid straight to the government by the individual taxpayer

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Define disinflation.

A reduction in the rate of inflation

26
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What is disposable income?

The money consumers have left to spend after taxes have been taken away and benefits added

27
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What constitutes economic growth?

An increase in the long-term productive potential in the economy, measured by an increase in real GDP

28
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What does it mean to be employed according to the ILO definition?

Someone who does more than 1 hour of paid work a week or is temporarily away from work on a government supported training scheme or does a minimum of 15 hours unpaid work for their family business.

29
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What is an expansionary policy?

Fiscal or monetary policy aimed at increasing aggregate demand (AD)

30
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What are exports?

Goods or services sold to foreigners that bring income into the country

31
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Define export-led growth.

Economic growth arising from an increase in exports

32
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What does fiscal policy involve?

The use of borrowing, government spending and taxation to manipulate the level of AD and improve macroeconomic performance

33
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What causes frictional unemployment?

Unemployment caused when people move between jobs and enter the job market

34
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Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The value of goods and services produced in a country over a given period of time

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What is GDP per capita?

Total GDP divided by the population

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Define gross investment.

Investment both to replace old machinery that has depreciated and to create or buy new ones

37
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What is Gross National Income (GNI)?

The value of goods and services produced by a country over a period of time plus net overseas interest payments and dividends

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What is Gross National Product (GNP)?

The value of goods and services produced by citizens of a country, whether they live in the country or not.

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What is government spending?

Spending by the government for the provision of goods and services

40
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Define imports.

Goods and services bought from foreigners that take income out of the country

41
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What does it mean to be inactive in the job market?

Those neither employed nor unemployed; those not participating in the job market

42
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What is income in economic terms?

A flow of assets

43
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What is an index number?

Numbers allowing accurate comparisons over time to be made; the base year value is typically 100.

44
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Define indirect tax.

Tax where the person charged with paying the money to the government can pass on the cost to someone else

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What is inflation?

The general rise in prices of goods and services that erodes the purchasing power of money

46
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What are injections in economics?

Spending power entering the circular flow of income resulting from investment, government spending and exports

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What are interventionist supply side policies?

Policies designed to correct market failure, where the government intervenes in the market

48
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What is investment in economic terms?

Spending by businesses on capital goods, which leads to the creation of real goods

49
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What is the Labour Force Survey?

A measure of unemployment which surveys people to classify them as unemployed, employed or inactive under ILO definitions

50
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Define living standards.

The quality of life enjoyed by people in a country

51
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What does long run mean in economics?

When all factors of production are variable

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What is Long run aggregate supply (LRAS)?

The total output an economy can produce when operating at full output

53
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Define long run trend growth rate.

The average sustainable rate of economic growth over a period of time

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What is marginal propensity to consume?

The proportion of an increase in income spent on consumption

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What does marginal propensity to import refer to?

The proportion of an increase in income spent on imports

56
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What is marginal propensity to save?

The proportion of an increase in income that is saved

57
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Define marginal propensity to tax.

The proportion of an increase in income that is taken away in tax

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What is marginal propensity to withdraw?

The proportion of an increase in income that is withdrawn from the circular flow

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What are market-based supply-side policies?

Policies designed to remove anything which prevents the free market system from working efficiently

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What is monetary policy?

The attempts of the central bank/regulatory authority to control the level of aggregate demand by altering base interest rates or the money supply.

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What is the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?

A group of 9 economists who meet monthly to set the Bank rate and other monetary instruments.

62
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Define monetary supply.

Stock of money in the economy

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What is the multiplier effect?

An increase in an injection will lead to an even greater increase of national income.

64
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What is national expenditure?

The value of spending by households on goods and services

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Define national income.

The value of income paid by firms to households in return for land, labour, capital and enterprise

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What is national output?

The value of the flow of goods and services from firms to households

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What does a negative output gap indicate?

When GDP is lower than predicted; the economy is producing below full output

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What are net exports?

Exports minus imports

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Define net investment.

Investment adjusted for depreciation; gross investment minus depreciation

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What is nominal GDP?

GDP which does not take inflation into account; GDP at current prices

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What is the output gap?

The difference between the long term trend rate of growth and actual growth

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What is a positive output gap?

When GDP is higher than predicted; the economy is producing above full output

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Define potential growth.

A change in the productive potential of the economy

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What does purchasing power parity mean?

Exchange rate of one currency to another that compares the cost of living in different countries by comparing a typical basket of goods.

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What is quantitative easing?

When the central banks buy assets in exchange for money to attempt to increase the money supply.

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What is real GDP?

GDP which strips out the effect of inflation

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What is real wage unemployment?

Unemployment caused when wages are set above the equilibrium wage rate

78
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Define recession in economic terms.

The trough of the business cycle, when growth is low; defined as where real GDP falls in at least two successive quarters.

79
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What is the Retail Price Index (RPI)?

An old measure of inflation which has lost its national statistic status.

80
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What are savings in economics?

The decision by consumers to postpone consumption

81
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What causes seasonal unemployment?

Unemployment caused when an industry only operates during certain times of the year

82
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What does short run mean in economics?

When at least one factor of production is fixed

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What is short run aggregate supply (SRAS)?

Aggregate supply when at least one factor of production is fixed

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What does the short run Phillips curve show?

The relationship between unemployment and inflation: higher levels of unemployment lead to lower levels of inflation.

85
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Define structural unemployment.

Unemployment caused by the long-term decline of an industry.

86
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What are supply-side policies?

Government policies aimed at increasing the productive potential of the economy and shifting LRAS to the right.

87
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What is total GDP?

The GDP of the whole country.

88
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What is the trade (business) cycle?

The tendency of economic growth to rise and fall above and below the trend rate of growth, causing booms and busts.

89
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What is underemployment?

Those who are working part time or in positions below their skill level, preferring full-time work.

90
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What does it mean to be unemployed according to ILO standards?

Those who are without work, able to start work in the next 2 weeks and have actively sought work for the last 4 weeks.

91
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What does the value of GDP refer to?

Nominal values of GDP; GDP at current prices.

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What is volume of GDP?

Real values of GDP; the size of the basket of goods.

93
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Define wealth in economic terms.

A stock of assets.

94
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What does withdrawal mean in the circular flow model?

Spending power leaving the circular flow of income resulting from savings, taxation, and imports.