Liver Evaluation and Related Disorders

These flashcards encompass important concepts and key terms regarding liver evaluation and the disorders associated with liver function and injury.

What are the two main functions of the liver that are evaluated?

Metabolic functions and synthetic functions.

What is bilirubin degradation pathway?

Heme is degraded to bilirubin through heme → biliverdine → bilirubin.

What is the role of glucuronyl transferase in bilirubin metabolism?

It makes indirect bilirubin (B1) water soluble, converting it into direct bilirubin (B2).

What syndrome is associated with an overproduction of indirect bilirubin?

Gilbert Syndrome.

What hepatic enzyme is a marker for liver parenchymal injury?

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase).

What does an increased DeRitis ratio indicate?

It helps differentiate chronic alcoholism from non-alcoholic liver disease, where AST is greater than ALT.

Which enzyme confirms biliary obstruction?

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and y-Glutamyl Transferase.

What is the primary synthetic function of the liver?

Production of albumin, lipoproteins, bile salts, and clotting factors.

What are the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy?

Sleep disturbance and pruritus; prominent manifestation includes asterixis.

What is the clinical significance of ceruloplasmin?

It is a major copper-containing protein that promotes copper secretion into plasma.

What is the main effect of elevated indirect bilirubin levels (B1)?

It can indicate conditions such as hemolytic anemia or Gilbert's syndrome.

What is the role of albumin in the blood?

It provides oncotic pressure, binds various substances, and assists in the transport of molecules.

What is Dubin-Johnson syndrome related to?

It involves defective secretion of conjugated bilirubin into the canaliculi.

Which vitamin deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders due to impaired coagulation?

Vitamin K deficiency.

What are the manifestations of Chronic Hepatitis C infection?

Often asymptomatic for years and can lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.

What common drugs can cause drug-induced hepatitis?

Acetaminophen, isoniazid, and alcohol.