Edexcel A Level History- Italy 2.1 and 2.2

1848

constitution created- the Statuto which was originally the Piedmont constitution

Provisions and settlement of the Statuto constitution

freedom of press

equality before the law

right to free assembly

set up constitutional monarchy and parliament which is elected

Restrictions on those wanting to vote

restrictions based on:

age

gender

property ownership

education

How many men could vote by 1912?

25%

What is trasformismo?

system of coalition building caused in the absence of formal political parties - was elitist, unstable and corrupt

How many govs in Liberal Italy 1900-11?

9- only one lasted more than 2 years

3 stats on the rate of change on profit in the chemical, rubber and electricity cables between 1896 and 1913 + the rate of exports and the increase of employment of industrial workers 1901-11

10.6% increase in profits

4.5% yearly increase in exports

2 million more industrial workers

Which main Northern Cities had most of the industrial income?

Milan, Genoa and Turin = 55% of industrial income

Reasons why Italian industrial production was localised and limited?

- requirement to import iron as couldn't source it

- italys workforce was unskilled

- industrial machinery needed to be imported

- business infrastructure were underdeveloped (communications, transport, energy)

How was growth promoted in Southern Italy?

construction

tax incentives and loans

ending of internal tariffs (detrimental to the economy as elites protected their way of life)

How much wealth did the North and South have vs how much tax they pay

in 1910 N had 48% of national wealth and paid 40% of taxes

S had 27% of wealth and paid 32% of taxes

2 social issues in the eraly 20th century

disease: rickets, cholera

Illiteracy: in 1911 1/2 of S- overall 37.6% illiterate

Giolitti's policies to improve position of poor

sickness, accident and pension schemes

min working age raised to 12

setting max number of working hours

centralising education- increases literacy

reducing food taxes

free treatment for malaria

How many italians emigrated in 1912-13?

1.5 million

What is campanilismo?

As Italy was culturally, linguistically and economically fragmented many Italians identified with their regions as opposed to the country

Quote from D'Azeglio

'We have made Italy, we must now make Italians'

Result of the May 1898 protest against the Italian political and economic hardship?

100 dead

29 July 1900 King was assassinated

What was the Roman Question?

the pope after the seizure of Papal lands in 1870 forbade catholics from participating in Italian political system= Liberals lost a unifying symbol and it frustrated attempts to build a conservative party

How many strikes were there between 1901 and 1911?

1.5 thousand involving nearly 350k workers

What was Meridonale?

the southern question discussed by politicians and intellectuals

What was irredentism?

a desire to claim land that contains Italian speaking people- most of it claimed by Austria-Hungary which was Italy's ally via Germany= anger to Italian people

Early attempts at an African empire

focused on Tunisia but was invaded by France in 1881

Attempt to claim Abyssinia but was defeated at the battle of adowa on March 1 1886= 5k dead

5 issues faced by Italy before Giolitti

problems associating with unification (lang)

economic growth and their social problems

the Meridionale

Italy's international standing

Why did Giolitti colab with the socialists?

PSI v popular- in 1909 received 20% of the vote

Ways Giolitti attempted to absorb the socialists

1901- forbidding child employment

1902- female working day 11 hours

1910- maternity fund

1906- non-intervention in labour disputes MOST IMPORTANT

Why did his attempts to absorb the catholics fail?

-divides within the PSI; the leader was a reformist who wished to work with the system to bring about socialism vs those who were revolutionists and wanted to bring the system down

dismayed at compromises received by nationalists and church

What contributed to Giolitti winning in 1913 election?

pope was behind Giolitti= support of catholics

Policy Giolitti pursued with catholics and which one did he not compromise on?

increased catholic clout in education

not compromising on territorial changes in the roman question= relationship was transient

When were the nationalists formed?

1910

Who formed the nationalist party?

Enrico Corradini

What did the nationalists stand for?

wanted colonial expansion, authoritarianism and irredentist lands

Why did Giolitti fail to work with the nationalists?

they did not want to work with him- he represented everything they hated about the liberal system

angered by concessions to socialists

Why did Italy invade Libya in 1911?

-catholic pressured the gov as had wealth in libya

- popular opinion

- hoped it would weaken nationalist support

- wanted to stop French expansion after Tunisia

Describe the events of the Libyan War

- 29th sep 1911 war was declared on ottomans

- took strategic coastal towns and ports

- difficulty justifying invasion to natives- fought them as not seen as liberators

- extra pressure due to occupying islands in aegean sea

- due to balkan wars Turkey could not resist= surrender via treaty of lausanne on 8 oct 1912

Cost of the libyan war?

50/70k kept back to pacify population

1,300 million lire

3.5k italian lives

Italian response to the invasion

greeted with national enthusiasm

psi leader supported as would provide cheap land for the south

hoped war would unify italy

Political impact of the invasion?

ANI: took credit, hated liberals for excessive losses, war increased their support

PSI: removed their support, party opposed war as imperialist militarism took over

Giolitti failed in absorbing both parties

Why was the franchise reform brought around?

hard to justify why those who fought should not be given the vote

What did the 1912 franchise extension do to Italy's electorate?

-vastly increased

-all men over 30 or completed military training could vote regardless of literacy

-italys electorate was 70% illiterate

What did Giolitti hope the reform would bring?

-promote national unity

-increase lib population

-strengthen vote in rural areas

-undermine psi as working class less likely to side with radical ideologies

Result of the 1913 GE

Giolitti gained 319 seats- 71 less than 1909 election

socialists, nationalists, radicals and catholics all gained seats

Causes of Giolitti's resignation

-president of catholic electorial union asked lib candidates to agree to 7 catholic points in return for catholic support

-this made the libs will election

-Giolitti denied the meeting and his gov was in a scandal

-socialists and anticlerical libs withdrew support

What was red week?

-psi proclaimed a national strike after 3 protesters shot dead by police

-republicans and radicals joined in

-public buildings torched and tax registers destroyed

-hundreds of workers died - verge of revolution

-demonstrated to gov the fragility of national unity

Who replaced Giolitti?

Salandra

How did Salandra attempt to revive liberalism?

injecting it with nationalism

Why did Italy not have to join the Triple Alliance in WW1?

Austria did not consult with Italy before declaring war on Serbia

What did the Treaty of London offer that was better than the Alliance deal?

offered much of the irredentism lands

treaty negotiated in absolute secrecy- army general staff didn't even know

Did the Italian people want war?

NO- Salandra sent out prefects in 1915 to see public opinion on war- Italians had little concern for irredentism or war

Why did the intervention crisis grow in May 1915?

-Giolitti and 300 other deputies denounced ToL

-protests broke out both for and against war

-Salandra resigned

-king asked Giolitti to form a new gov

Why was there a potential abdication over entry into WW1?

-Giolitti couldn't support the treaty

-king believed that going back on the treaty would betray both sides and would be dishonorable

-Giolitti refused and Salandra was reinstated on May 16th 1915

When was Salandra reinstated?

May 16 1915

When was Salandra granted emergency powers?

May 20 1915

When did Italy declare war on Austria?

May 25 1915

Why was the PSI vote against intervention significant?

only far left wing party in europe not to support their country's intervention into war

Where did Italians predominately fight in WW1?

Mountainous areas- snowy and icy areas- many died of frostbite

How many people died in 4 offensives in 1915 which resulted in negligible territorial gains?

62,000

What was the morale like in the Italian army?

vert low, 290,000 court marshaled for desertion

Solutions for high desertion rates?

-harsh discipline: Italy issued more death penalties than any other western country (4000)

-deliberately diminished the conditions in prisoner of war camps: 1000 cals (=100k died from hunger which was more than br and fr)- feared if they were good people would surrender

How many soldiers lost contact with their regiments during Caporetto?

200,000 and 400,000 disappeared fleeing back to their homes in chaos

Consequences of the defeat?

-Boselli resigned and replaced by orlando

-italian army reorganised under general diaz= annual leave increased, rations raised, promises of land reform

-general diaz more cautious as a commander- casualty rates fell from 520k in 1917 to 143k in 1918

Socialist response to war

-continued support nor sabotage - led to greater polarization

-many volunteered in war effort eg dispensing rations, preventing profiteering

economic sphere of Italy vs Austria

steel production:

-italy <1million

-austria 2.6 million

1 machine gun for italy= 6 more for austria

How did Italy become a leader in lorry, truck, machine gun and heavy artillery production?

organised women and peasants into factories and exempt essential men from conscription

criminalised striking

increased hours of work

Consequences of war economy after war

DEBT 84.9 billion lire in June 1919

largest rise in national debt

more than br (15billion) USA (7.5 billion)

inflation=large price rises and economic instability

What rate did the N economy grow by?

20% from 1911-21

What caused 50 workers in Turin to be shot in 1917? (protesting bread shortages and the war)

bread abd pasta rationing

long hours

fall in wages

increase in indirect taxes

What happened in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto

-started due to fragmented austro-hungary empire

-army split in two after entering Plave

-victory meant demonstrating the values of italy

Why did the war not achieve unity?

-returning conscripts in S forcibly occupied thousands of hectares of fram land

-in N there was a growing divide between soldiers and industrial workers who stayed at home (soldiers believe they got rich)

What happened to Italian claims at the ToV

-Orlando claimed Fiume and lands decided in ToL

-Great powers rejected italys claim to fiume and aspects of the treaty of london

How did Orlando react to the rejection?

pleas for Dalmatia were ignored and he walked out the conference in April 1919

What happened in his absence and when he returned?

-br and fr took gr colonies disregarding it

-Orlando forced to accept on his return in May and couldn't receive territory he asked for

-Forced to resign in June

What was the Mutilated Victory?

national shame that disgraced the 600k dead- that they did not receive compensatory land that was promised

Who replaced orlando?

nitti

Why did nitti reluctantly accept the lack of territorial gains?

-it economy was weak= needed the coal and money only the allies could provide

-allowed fiume to be seen as a neutral city under the LON

When was the occupation of Fiume?

12 sept 1919

How many men occupied fiume?

2000 men made of ex spoliders, futurists, patriots

Who led the occupation of fiume?

D'Annuzio

When was the occupation suppressed?

dec 25 1920

Why was the occupation important in the rise of Fascism?

-large effect on Mussolini: demonstrated the fragility of lib gov

-Italy could use force to take back what is rightfully theirs and revise the territorial arrangements

Who were the futurists?

cultural and artistic movement founded by Marinetti in 1909- celebrated violence, destruction and patriotism

Effects of the economic crisis?

-millions of soldiers demobilised flooding labour market (unemployment reached 2 million in 1919)

-inflation increased and lira crashed

-major companies struggled without gov spending eg fiat

-banking crisis

What was Biennio Rosso?

two red years from 1919 to 1920 defined by militant labour and chaos in the economy

Membership of Trade Union rose from 250,000 in 1918 to 2million in 1920

largest strike in sept 1920- 400,000 involved and red communist flags flown

Political reforms initiated in 1919

-amount of people able to vote increased by 11million

-allowed all those who who served and all men over 21 to vote

-changed voting system to proportional representation

PPI

founded in 1919, pushed for Catholic interests and led by Sturzo- major supporter of land reforms, hostile to liberals= difficult to be absorbed

Outcomes of 1919 election

-two largest parties; PSI and PPO

-neither gained absolute majority and did not want to form a coalition

-libs governed again

-negative result as showed that despite electoral changes the party ruling since 1860 was still in charge

What is Trincerocrazia?

the rule of the trenches where men were linked by war consciousness

What is trinceristi?

the returning soldiers- Mussolini argued that the division will not be between the rich and the poor but those who fought and those who did not

The early Fasci di Combattimento programme

anticlerical, antimonarchist, universal sufferage, 8 hour working day, abolition of senate, nationalists of industry

Squadrismo

small, military fascists and attacked socialists

What happened on April 15th

300 squadristi dressed in black attacked a socialist demonstration in Milan, burnt doen Avanti offices

3 socialists 1 fascist killed

not ordered by Mussolini but was a powerful tool

Ras

the commanding officer of the squadristi

How did the authorities treat this violence?

no one arrested and violence not condemned- more fearful of socialists - many weapons had by fascists were from police

May 1921 election results

Fascists gained 7% of seats

Why was this good for the Fascists?

-gave Mussolini respectability

-deputy had immunity

Transformation in party from 1920-21

'New programme'= more right wing, more militaristic, formed political party (PNF) in 1921

Who supported the PNF?

urban middle class, business owners, landowners, workers who hated strikes, young people who hated the political system

What did Giolitti do to address the industrial unrest during Biennio Rosso?

-italian banks to withdraw support for companies

-no negotiations with striking workers

-refused to use violence against striking workers

SUCCESSFUL IN SHORT TERM

strikes ended in sept

HOWEVER:

-concessions angered middle class, industrialists, nationalists, landowners and catholics

PCI

split from PSI in jan 1921, financed by Bolsheviks in Russia- small but provided propaganda for Mussolini as it scared middle classes- saw Italy on verge of revolution

What happened in July 1922?

PSI and PCI attempted to call a general strike for 24 hours- workers refused, Mussolini claimed the strike had little effect because of the PNF- Fascists spared Italy again from revolution

Why was trasformismo no longer used?

-increasing ideological- driven parties to refuse to work together

-number of parties increased

-useless in era of universal suffrage and formal political parties