AP euro 6-7

Causes of the industrial revolution

agricultural revolution, access to raw materials (such as coal and iron,) Inventions (such as steam engines and cotton/fabrics industry,) Improved transportation (steam engine, canals, railroads,) population growth

Factory system

people moved to the cities to get more pay from factories, factory conditions were horrible, and they ran 7 days a week, downfall of family economy (where families ran shop together)

Products of industrial revolution

textile manufacture, mining, and transportation. Textiles, iron, coal, steam power, and railroads all came out of the first industrial revolution. These new inventions created tremendous industry growth, and more factories were created throughout Europe.

Railroads in general

transportation of raw resources and goods leading to increased industrial production and growth. It also lead to urbanization as now people could live in more populated cities because food and resources can be transported more quickly. lead to massive economic growth as companies could move merchandise at a faster pace.

Crystal Palace/Great Exhibition

Queen viki created this to show england’s great accomplishments. it also showed off new technology and places from other parts of the world, mostly places they had colonies in.

products of second industrial revolution

industry shifted from iron to steel, New chemicals were used in dyes, and alkalies were used in textiles. Soap and paper were new major industries. Electricity became commercially viable

government intervention in the economy

 the government was concerned of a socialist revolution that would be sparked from the misery of a bust in the economy. In order to combat this, the government became involved through encouraging cartels and imposing tariffs.

Bourgeoisie

industrial middle class (birds work for them)

proletariat

 industrial working class. The term was used by Marx and Engel in their development of Marxist Socialism (Communism) to distinguish these people from peasants and from the bourgeoisie. They worked for wages and ranged from highly skilled to unskilled workers.

Domestic servants

like maids etc. Mostly women. Significant because it shows how prominent the wealthy are.

economic liberalism

The idea is focused around laissez faire basically the government shouldn't interfere with the supply and demand along with individual economic liberty

David Riccardo

he argued in the support of economic liberalism, saying that increased population means more workers, and wage falls as a result of a surplus of workers. As wage falls, the population declines meaning that workers decline, and wages increase until the population is able to increase again, renewing the cycle.

Thomas Malthus

Most known for his theory on population growth and the essay “On the Principles of Population.” He argued that population would increase faster than our ability to feed them leading to overpopulation. As a result, he advocated for less government interference (essentially a liberal - free market response).

Political Liberalism

This idea was grounded in the idea of freedom. In the 19th century, liberalism was supported by industrialists and the middle class.  They supported civil liberties (free press, speech, religion) for all people. John Stuart Mill was a strong advocate.

Corn Laws

a round lump with knobs? laws enacted by Britain in 1815 which limited the amount of grain that could be imported into the country. When the Napoleonic wars ended, food prices were expected to fall since grain could again be imported. British landowners didn’t like that, and since they made up much of parliament, they enacted the corn laws.

Reform act of 1832 (gb)

a movement that disenfranchised (Took away) 56 Rotten boroughs (Landed areas with low population) and Pocket boroughs (landed areas controlled by one Family/landowner) while giving representation rights to 42 new towns, such as Manchester, Birmingham, leeds, Sheffield and the new london metropolitan districts.  

Population trends in the 19th century

More and better food - effects of the Ag. Rev.

Fewer epidemics

More people were being born

storage of food (refrigeration, pasteurization of milk)

Improved sanitation and living conditions in cities

Irish famine, hungry 40s

No potatoes. England did not help them fix this and that was bad. Many irish people decided to emigrate to other places in attempt to find work and feed their families. This lead to mass immigration. 

Urbanization Causes

• Enclosure pushed people out of rural areas

• Widespread poverty meant the only place to get any money at all was the cities.

• Agricultural revolution meant fewer people needed to work on farms.

• new jobs in cities

• more room in cites

Urban Problems

Cities grew hella fast, not much room for all the people. Much sickness and little sanitation. Tons of pollution from factories. Food was not good quality.

Edwin Chadwick and the Poor law

 led the Poor Law Commission which highlighted the social and economic conditions of the working class. he and others documented the harmful effects of water and air pollution as well as tracking outbreaks of diseases like cholera. They wanted to convince the people in power that there were real problems in cities by showing this documentation. This led to the poor law of 1834.

Revolutions of 1830

\-the Polish nationalists rebelled against Russia control over their country.  The Russians crush the revolt and establish a military dictatorship over Poland - the Concert of Europe at work.

\-In France the July Ordinances led to the July Revolution. The uprising here was motivated by liberal principles and briefly united the middle and lower classes against the monarchy. 

Revolutions of 1848

series of revolts that occurred in France and spread to the rest of Europe except for the Scandinavian countries, Russia, and Spain. All of these revolts ended in failure. 

Crimean war

conflict that was between Russia and an alliance formed between the Ottoman Empire, France, the UK, and Piedmont-Sardinia. The war started after the Ottoman Empire decided that France had the right to protect Christians in the Holy Land, and not Russia because of the balance of power. It was fought mostly in Crimea. In the end, the allied countries won.

Robert Owen (utopian socialism)

known as the founder of British utopian socialism. He’s credited as being the  first person to advocate for “8 hours labor, 8 hour recreation, 8 hours rest”. **He attempted to create ideal communities to benefit workers and eliminate poverty.**

Flora Tristan

French utopian socialist active in the period leading up to the European Revolution of 1848-49. While she did not live to see the revolution in France, where it started, her contributions were representative of a broader socialist and women’s movement in this country that linked the ‘Woman Question’ to class struggles. 

Marxist Socialism

In the industrial revolution, the gap between bourgeoisie and working class is getting more and more distinct. So this ideology not only postulates this gap but it also outlines how it's wrong and what the ideal should be. This ideology hits the working class with the idea of revolution for the better because they are exploited. Communist manifesto

Methodist movement

Denominations within the Protestant religion, Inspired Methodist teachings, Revival within the Church of England and eventually separated, Emphasized the importance of missionaries, Recognized the importance of helping those less fortunate than you. This movement appealed especially to the middle class.  The values of thrift, hard work and propriety matched their values and outlook.

London Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

One of the societies in 19th century England that pushed for the abolition of slavery. They were mostly middle-class. The religiously motivated believed that slavery went against God’s intent in creating man. The liberal middle class valued individual liberty above all else and supported abolition because of their belief that all men should have this liberty. Societies such as these formed petitions, and eventually in 1833 the slave trade was abolished in Great Britain with the help of these societies pushing the problem forward. 

Factory act of 1833

Factories were shit. The government began catching on to the cruelty, and passed the Factory Act of 1833. This law established a maximum working time of 48 for those from ages 9 to 12, and limited work days to 12 hours for those between 13 and 18. It also involved a mandatory two hours of elementary school per day for children under 13.

Ten hours act of 1847

This law limited the workday to ten hours for women and children. This lead to fewer people being overworked.

Poor law of 1834

passed by the Whig government as an act of parliament, was meant to reduce the cost of looking after the poor and impose a system which would be the same all over the country. It was believed to ensure that the poor were housed in workhouses, fed, and clothed. Children who lived in the workhouses received some schooling. In return for housing, clothing, and food, those who lived in workhouses had to work for several hours. The conditions of workhouses were awful.

New police forces

whoop whoop (sound of the police) The intent was to protect people (rich people) from other people (poor people).  And was a deterrent for violent revolution.  Uniforms were introduced to increase public confidence and to distinguish the “new” police from the “secret” police forces that had been employed by autocratic governments.

Trade Union Movement

Labour unions were outlawed in Great Britain however within the new industries including cotton spinners, ironworkers, coal miners, and shipwrights trade unions of skilled workers were formed. These trade unions were formed to preserve Their own workers’ position by limiting others into their trade, and to gain benefits from their employers but many of the gains they won - like wage hikes and safer working conditions - spread to non-unionized workers.

Chartism

The belief that the best way to help the working man is to achieve political democracy

Seen as the first organized workingmen's political movement but did not win the vote

Wanted universal male suffrage, and parliament to not consist of only the wealthy

Cult of domesticity

Prior to the revolution, men and women worked together in the family economy. Now, women were excluded from factories/work and expected to stay home caring for the household and children.

New careers for women

Nursing, secretaries, phone operators.

British Women’s Social and Political Union - Suffragettes

an organization ran by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter. Members of the union were commonly referred to as Suffragettes. The Union was a relatively radical group that pushed for the suffrage of women through means that were more extreme than the societal norms.

universal manhood suffrage

A movement that took hold in the 1870’s in western europe, specifically France and Germany that gave men the right to vote. It was done to help avoid rebellions and also because governments were becoming more liberal.

Conservative party (torries)

one of the two main political parties in Great Britain. The other party was the Whigs who were the liberal party. They held power in GB until 1830 and in that time enacted the Corn Law which was repealed later. Also aligned with the church or england and its interests.

liberal Party (whigs)

The Whigs which later became the liberal party was made up of the landed aristocracy and the Industrial middle class. They represented the ideas of businesses and the bourgeoisie. As they started to get wealthier, their allegiances began to shift with conservative parties.

Labour Party

This party rejected revolution and focused on winning votes to pass legislation to improve the lives of the working class. It is still around today, as an outgrowth of the trade union movement, and it represents working class citizens. 

German Social Democrats

A democratic party that sought to take over governments though competing in elections rather than through a violent revolution. They shared the same ideas as marxist but their methods were more extreme and opposing. they were the largest party in Germany through the beginning of WWI

Causes of improved standard of living

Real wages increased, and prices fell. Government reform like the Factory, Coal Mine, and Ten Hours Acts regulated substandard working conditions. As time went on, standard of living increased even more. Redesign of cities meant more sanitation. Food consumption also became safer through new technology, like milk pasteurization, and better transportation that prevented perishable goods from going bad. Collectively, people ate better, had more money for consumption, and had more leisure time. 

Mass marketing/consumption

This mass of people began to demand more consumer goods which led to to mass marketing/mass consumption. Advertising both reflected and created mass society. Ads helped shape consumer preferences and they standardized the appeals of items such as bicycle. Bicycles became a new commodity and ads promoted the purchase of them. Bicycles also prompted other changes in buying habits. Businesses were reorganized to meet the demand for these new goods.

Department stores

In the late 19th century there was a boom of department stores in Europe. Here, people were free to browse and shop, safely and decorously. Connects to mass consumption and marketing, and saves people lots of time.

Start of professional sports

With workers earning more and having more leisure time, sports grew more popular. Horse racing, boxing, soccer, and ruby are a few examples. Sports teams became associated with class identity and helped promote loyalty to the nation. The idea of a strong, athletic man also came with this. The first modern olympics was held in 1896 as a result of the now popularized professional sports. 

Anarchism

They believed that there should be no government, religion was invented to control people and society, individual expressions were the only expressions what are valid, the economic systems are used to control the people, and that society is the natural state of man.

Alexander 2 (reforms)

he helped reform Russia by emancipating the Serfs and abolishing Serfdom, establishing local forms of government called zemstvos to mainly support the nobility and the way that Alexander wanted to run things. He was then assassinated by an anarchist group, because Russia wasn’t moving towards a more liberal way of voting and involving the public in governmental affairs. Rip. he looks like pedro pascal

Revolution of 1905

Russia had been rapidly expanding and gaining new territory. The areas they collected were of multiple different cultures that didn't want to be forced into being russian. There were food shortages and horrible working conditions. The people tried to appeal to the Tsar, but the soldiers panicked and fired into the crowd. This led to countless riots and revolts. In October the Tsar gave in and promised to respect some civil liberties, and created the representative body called the Duma. It didn't have any actual power, which would continue to increase tensions.

Napoloen 3

He supported realpolitik (the politics of reality)

He went with whatever political party would get him the farthest. His main goal was to to make France the strongest, most powerful nation of Europe.

His mission was to be a strong authoritative national leader and to serve all people rich and poor. 

He was a big supporter of industrialization and he sponsored investment banks which created and lent the capital necessary to build out the railroad network in France. He gave jobs to thousands and city life and the lives of those living there improved

The Crimean war part of his attempt to break free from the confines of the Concert of Europe and it did upset the balance of power. 

Realpolitik

“the politics of reality” — the idea that pragmatism was more important in politics than specific political parties.

Camillo di Cavour

wanted to lead the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia to achieve national unity. He was allied solidly with the industrial middle class, and economically expanded the kingdom through encouraging industrialization, the building of roads, canals, and especially railroads. At the same time, he also expanded the military, equipping a large army and supported the traditional monarchy which kept conservatives happy, an example of realpolitik. 

Giuseppe Garibaldi

an italian patriot, and a supporter of mazzini and the republic cause. He created a volunteer army of 1,000 men. In 1860 he landed in Sicily, fought the bourbons, and won. He then marched up the italian peninsula and took naples. He planned to march on rome next, but rome was protected by france. He did not want an italian civil war, so he stopped.

Italian Unification Process

In 1848, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia embraced the goal of unification and attacked Austria, but was defeated. Cavour, the first prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia  joined the Crimean War in 1855, which inclined those countries favorably towards Italian unification. In 1859, Piedmont-Sardinia and France defeated Austria, and Piedmontese rule was extended to Northern Italy, two other important revolutionaries fighting for Italian unification were Giuseppe Mazzini, who founded the Young Italy movement in 1831, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, who conquered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies (Southern Italy) in 1860 and united it with the rest of the country.

Zollverein

a customs union between German States to improve their economies. It abolished tariff barriers between member states and tolls on roads and rivers. It was a solution to restrictions on trade (tolls, tariffs) that prevented Germany from competing with countries like France and Britain. It was seen as an important step of German reunification and was the first international trade agreement that created a unified customs area between sovereign independent nations. 

German unification process

 lead by the “Iron Chancellor” united the German states and parts of Prussia and Austria under one Germany. The desire for unification was brought on by the idea of nationalism spread by the French nationalists. There were multiple wars between 1865 and 1871 that eventually lead to the unification of Germany. The Prussian - Danish War in 1865, the Austro - Prussian War in 1866, and the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 - 1871.  Bismarck was generous Austria to prevent them seeking revenge (not so with France….)

Franco Prussian War

Germany had started to unify and France believed it would upset the balance of power, and didn't want that large of a country on their border. Also, Napoleon III needed a win to cement himself as ruler, and he chose this opportunity to display his strength. During the war he was captured and the French Empire collapsed.

Germany merges into prussia, Napoleon 3 no longer ruler of france, William 1 was crowned emporer of Gernamy at versailles (made french mad,) anti semitsim rose in france, balace of power was whack a mole.

Otto von Bismark

called the “Iron Chancellor”,  he was a Prussian Junker (a noble) who led the German Unification. He was a strong believer in monarchy, aristocracy, authority and conservatism.  But, like other leaders of his age, the overriding goal of national unification led him to be the ultimate practitioner of realpolitik. 

dual austro-hungary monarchy

With the defeat of the Austrians by the Prussians, the Austrians were forced to strike a deal with the ultra nationalistic Hungarians. The Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867 which created a Dual Monarchy Austria - Hungary was the deal they were forced to strike.  As a result, the two parts of the empire had their own legislatures and their own laws.  They were united by a single monarch and a common army. The compromise failed to meet the demands of other ethnic groups within the empire. This will help set the stage for World War 1. 

Irish Land League

An Irish political organization founded in 1879, which sought to help poor tenant farmers. They campaigned against british rule, and wished to abolish landlordism but in the meantime promoted fair rents and fixed tenure.   An example of the idea of nationalism dividing (not unifying) countries.

Paris Commune

After Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian war when Prussia was busy crowning their new emperor, radical marxists in Paris began an uprising. They practiced calling each other comrade and wore red ribbons instead of the tri-color. Communists everywhere believed that this group was the beginning of a wider revolution, but the government decided to put an end to the movement, and used military force to brutally crush the rebellion. 10,000 were shot and 20,000 were exiled due to this conflict.

Third republic

French government from 1870 to 1940. After the fall of the Second Empire and the suppression of the Paris Commune, the new Constitutional Laws of 1875 were adopted, establishing a regime based on parliamentary supremacy.

Dreyfus Affair

political scandal involving a Jewish captain of the French army that lasted from 1894 to 1906. a Jewish artillery captain in the french army was falsely accused of of passing military secrets to the Germans. He was sentenced to life in prison on Devil’s Island. Two years later in 1896, new evidence showed that the real culprit was a catholic French major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy. However, Dreyfus was not granted another trial until 1899. This divided french into the pro Catholicism and pro Judaism sects. Example of antisemitism.

Zioniam/Herzl

Theodor Herzl was considered the father of modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish immigration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state. The Ottoman Empire controlled the land of Palestine at the time, and were opposed to Jewish immigration. Despite that the First Zionist Congress in 1897 proclaimed as its aim the creation of a “home in Palestine secured by public law: for the Jewish people.

Kulturkampf

German for culture struggle, _____ was the struggle by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to subject the Catholic church to state control. Bismarck didn’t trust the loyalty of Roman Catholics in the newly created German Empire. The Roman Catholics distrusted the dominance of Protestant Prussia in the German Empire and opposed Bismarck’s policies.  (An example of Realpolitik because he sided with liberals against conservatives.  When socialism seemed more pressing he abandoned the Kulturkampf and sided with the Church against “godless” socialists.)

Old age Pension/Start of Welfare state

A system of pensions for those over 65. Created by Otto Von Bismarck to try to buy the support of the working class in an attempt to curb socialism. Didn't work, and the working class kept voting socialist, but it did stick around.

Balkan Wars

1. fought by Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia and Greeks against the ottoman empire, the war lasted from Oct 8 1912 was a mix of sieges and trench warfare a armistice was signed and between them and end by limiting the ottoman empire to 3 besieged cities this was the collapse of the empire 
2.  caused by  Hostilities among the allies over the Macedonian land It was escalated and ended up causing exchanges of fire on june 30th the Bulgains attacked local greek and serbian positions this signaled war the greek and serbs pussed back the Balkans and just as it was stabilizing for the Balkans the Romanian and Ottoman empire joined the battle unable to resist the Bulgarians sued for peace. 

New alliance system (replacing balance of power)

After the Crimean War the concert of Europe went to shit. Then after the Franco-Prussian war, the balance of power also went to shit. Bismarck decided to replace the “balance of power” with a series of alliances. One part of the alliance system was an alliance called the Three Emperors League between the German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empire. After the congress of Berlin, Russia angrily ended the alliance. Then a Triple Alliance was formed between Germany, Austria, and Italy. The intent was to support the existing political order while providing a defensive alliance against France or two or more great powers not members of the alliance. The alliance system played a part in the road to WW1. 

Causes of ‘new’ Imperialism

• European countries wanted new markets and resources

• they believed (due to Darwinism) that their countries were better and it was their duty to spread their culture.

• wanted to establish naval bases to protect shipping routes and increase military power

Cecil Rhodes

A British colonizer in Africa during the “Scramble for Africa” period. He was prime minister in the Cape Colony in South Africa during 1890 all the way through 1896. He believed that being born British was some sort of prize and believed in British imperialism.  Developed/exploited diamond mines in South Africa.

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism was the application of Darwin’s ideas to society (and cultures).  Advanced by thinkers like Herbert Spencer, this promoted the idea that cultures were in a clash for survival of the fittest.  That those nations which were best (and their cultures) would be the ones to achieve through some kind of natural selection.

Quinine

Used by the European Imperialists during the “Scramble for Africa” to treat malaria.  It allowed them to travel further than the coasts of Africa and establish more colonies nearer to where they extracted resources.

Advanced weaponry (the stuff used in imperialism)

New weapons such as the Chassepot (a rifle) because standard issue during this time ( specifically for the french) and the maxim gun (and early machine gun) allowed for more efficiency of firearms.  For the purpose of imperialism more power for the military made it easier to conquer new land and subdue natives

Berlin conference

describes the twenty-plus years when the various European powers explored, divided, conquered and began to exploit virtually the entire African continent. Held in Berlin because the leader at the time, Otto von Bismarck was concerned about the rising conflict affecting Europe negatively, so he invited all of the European powers to the divide up the continent. 

Belgain Congo

Significance: The belgians were able to rule the Congo because they believed that:

• They needed to bring civilization to the people of the Congo

• Belgium lacked power

• The resources the Congo offered were in high demand

And this support for imperialism combined with their technological advances; in weapons and transportation, made it so they could take over this huge territory in Africa. The brutality came along with it because of their sense of superiority.

Fashoda Incident

series of territorial disputes in Africa between Great Britain and France. The disputes arose from the common desire of each country to link up its disparate colonial possessions in Africa. (French territories tended to be along and East/West Axis, Britain on a North South Axis).  This happened Sept 18, 1898

Japan’s Meiji Restoration

The Meiji Restoration started with the emperor being reinstated, and during the restoration, Japan industrialized and gained military power, adopting a more Westernized culture. This was possible because of the influence of the emperor’s advisors, who held a large amount of power and pushed military and economic gain.

Gauguin (imperialism)

post-impressionist painter who became tired of religious torment, materialism, and other imperialist aspects of France. Gauguin moved to Tahiti, where the subject of his art drastically changed. Gauguin utilized the unfamiliarity of his platform to convey how society can benefit from a culture free from greed and inhibitions. Lil rebellious boi

Joseph Conrad

regarded as one of the best english writers of all time. He was a polish-british  novelist and short story writer. He wrote The Heart of Darkness about belgian colonization of the Congo. The book is well known for its criticism of imperialism and the effect it had on liberals who believed in the ideas of human rights.

Romanticism

This emerged in the 19th century as a reaction against the enlightenment's emphasis on reason. The romanticism movement was marked by an emphasis on emotion, imagination, individualism, and spontaneity. It was important because it celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search for individual rights and liberty.

Eugene Delacroix (daddy fr)

Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.

His use of colour was influential in the development of both Impressionist and Post-Impressionist painting.

Mary Shelly

Mary Shelley was an author in the early 1800s. Shelley’s most famous work is Frankenstein. She was the daughter of the philosopher William Godwin and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. Shelley then later married the poet Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.

John Constable

John Constable was an English impressionist painter. He was known for creating countryside landscapes in which human beings were at one with the environment. As a romantic artist, Constable emphasized the emotion and imagination in nature as a reflection the glory of God. This rejected realist art that emphasized progress and economic expansion (often depicting industrialization).  (Penis church)

Realism

artists of this movement wanted to paint what they saw and show the harsh reality of the world. Writers in the industrial world, like artists, felt the need to portray as exactly as possible real life around them, so realism became prominent in literature as well. One reason for the success of realism as a literary style in the nineteenth century was the increase in literacy among people in the middle and lower classes and the diffusion of journalism.

Charles Dickens

 realist novelist, who wrote about industrialization’s impact on human life, portrayed the new cities and their social strata, and the alienating effects of capitalism. His novels had improbable plots and grotesque characters.

Impressionism

this was an art movement in the 19th century that was focused on lifelike subjects painted with rapid broad brushstrokes. These paintings were produced outside the studio, en plein aire, quickly. Ex. Monet

Claude Monet

He was a famous impressionist artist who painted many famous paintings such as water lilies, sunflowers, sunrise, and a series of garden pieces. He mainly painted landscapes and leisure activities in Paris. He was important because he was initiator, leader, and unswerving advocate of the Impressionist style. 

Camille Pissarro

He was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas. His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.

He worked on many cityscape scenes of paris. This helped modernization as it depicted night scenes lit by electricity and street cars. 

Charles Darwin

a very important person in the idea of evolution and put forth several pieces of evidence to support this idea of evolution. He published several books as well as creating the idea of “Survival of the Fittest” and “Natural Selection.”

Post-Impressionism

this movement goes further than impressionism.  It does not attempt to project a actual reality (hence the distortions) rather it focuses on eliciting an emotional response from the viewer.

This feeling appealed to marxists, liberals, or anyone who felt that their spiritual needs were not satisfied. 

Van Gogh

His goal was to paint pictures to comfort and uplift people to override the pain and suffering in the world. He focused on using strong pure colors and vigorous brushstrokes to provide meaning of life. Despite his life as a convinced Christian focused on the redemptive power of art, his life ended with his fall into madness.

Paul Cezanne

He is a great post-impressionist artist. He wanted to make art universal and independent, timeless, and free of subjectivity and emotionalism. He distrusted the subjectivism of Van Gogh and Gauguin.  His work is significant because he was a large part of the post-impressionism era. He also makes us aware of the processes by which we see using the techniques throughout his paintings. He uses bright intense colors and layering to help create this sense. 

Positivism

a philosophical movement that was started in 19th century france, created by Auguste Comte. The main idea of the movement was the only valid knowledge was scientific knowledge.

Marie Curie

She was Polish and eventually a French citizen who worked as a physicist and chemist. She earned the Nobel Prize for her work in which she discovered radioactivity. Furthermore, she is also the only woman to earn a Nobel Prize twice. During World War I she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. Baddie fr

Albert Einstein

famous for devising his theory of relativity, which revolutionized our understanding of space, time, gravity, and the universe. This stated that both space and time were relative to the observer. He changed peoples perspective on the world and proved that rationalism and positivism were wrong. 

Sigmund Freud

Influenced popular thought and undermined belief in progress and rationalism

Believed that most people were not truly rational and instead they were governed by unconscious desire. (Id, Ego, Superego)

His ideas led to the development of psychoanalysis and  a new way of thinking about/treating mental illness.

Friedrich Nietzsche

He was like a philosopher who denounced the bourgeoisie, and pretty much all organized religion with the reasoning that they are hypocritical, bad, and god is dead. The Nazis misinterpreted his thoughts, and derived racist ideas from him, seeing in his theory of human evolution toward the free, noble "superman" a justification for beliefs in the superiority of the white or Aryan race.

Joseph Lister

He was a British physiologist and surgeon. He invented antiseptic surgical techniques which would help prevent deadly infections from surgeries.

Louis Pasteur

Chemist, prominent character in the discovery of the germ theory. He was known for showing how heat could kill microbes and **pasteur**ization came about. This then was used for developing the first laboratory vaccines, most famously for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies.