Chapter 11 Flashcards

What was the past unifier of Western Europe?

The Roman Catholic church

What destroyed religious unity in Western Europe?

Revolts against the Roman Catholic Church

What did religious controversies fuel?

Social tensions

What did political intrigues, churches’ growing power, and wealth in the Roman Catholic Church foster?

Greed and corruption

What did greed and corruption do to the Roman Catholic Church?

It undermined its spiritual authority and made it vulnerable to criticism

What did the church try to do after they received criticism? What did people demand?

They tried to eliminate pre-Christian traditions of spirituality

A more personal involvement with God

What did Martin Luther do?

He untied the discontent of people into a revolt against the church

He published many works about views on the church

What did Martin Luther advocate for/believe?

• The closure of monasteries

• Translation of the bible into different languages

• end priestly authority

• entry to heaven was earned by faith in God

• the Bible was the only source of Christian authority

What did Johannes Gutenberg do?

Introduced printing to Europe. He invented a mechanical, moveable type of printing which diffused from his home in Germany to other cities in Europe

What did Luther’s translation of the Bible into German stimulate?

The production of religious books/factors and the spread of literacy

What was a core Protestant belief?

“Justification by faith alone”

What did Luther inspire?

German cities passing laws prohibiting Roman Catholic observances and requiring Lutheran ones

What did religious controversy allow?

Allowed people to built power

Who initiated reformation within France/French-speaking parts of Switzerland? Where was he from and what was his past occupation?

John Calvin, French lawyer turned protestant

What relationship did the French monarchy have with protestants?

They wanted to suppress protestants

What did Calvin do in response to the French monarchy’s suppression of protestants?

He left France and went into Switzerland and formed a Protestant community there. He worked with local officials to establish a strict code of morality/discipline in Geneva

Who wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion? What did it present?

John Calvin

Presented Protestant teachings

What did John Calvin believe?

He believer in Luther’s basic elements but emphasized the power of God more. He believed God predetermined who would be saved from damnation before birth and that those people (“the elect”) were important in his church

What were the lives of Calvinists like?

They had strict rules and were a model Protestant community. They wore simple clothes, did Bible study, and did not play cards or dance (or anything of the sort)

What was Geneva?

Where John Calvin went after he fled France and where he built a Protestant community.

An important missionary center where Calvinist doctrine spread

Where were Calvanist missionaries most active? Most successful?

Most active in France, though they also went other places

Most successful in the Netherlands and Scotland

What did Calvanist missionaries establish? What did they work to do?

Established churches in lands then went.

They worked to reform along Protestant lines

Why did the English Reformation occur?

Political and religious reasons

What happened when Protestants tried to build a following?

They faced government resistance

When did resistance to Protestantism in England stop?

When King Henry VIII came into conflict with the Pope and cut off relations with him.

What did Henry VIII name himself as after cutting off relations with the Pope?

The Supreme Head of the Anglican Church

What was religion like during Henry VIII’s reign, and after?

Theology of the English church stayed pretty much the same (Roman Catholicism)

His descendants took on Protestant practices because of pressure from reformers. Officially left the Roman Catholic community 

What three Christian communities became large enough to make religious unity in Western Europe nearly impossible?

Lutherans, Anglicans, and Calvinists

What efforts constituted Catholic Reformation?

• Defining points of doctrine

• Clarifying differences between them and Protestant churches

• Trying to persuade people to return and deepen their sense of spirituality and religious commitment in communities 

What two Catholic institutions were important for defining Catholic Reformation?

The Council of Trent and the Society of Jesus

What was the Council of Trent?

An assembly of high church officials who met intermittently to address matters of doctrine/reform

What did the Council of Trent’s beliefs draw on? What did they do?

Drew on works of St. Thomas Aquinas.

They defined elements of Roman Catholic theology in detail. Acknowledged how past issues alienated people from church, took steps to reform 

What did the Council of Trent demand of church authorities?

To observe strict standards of morality and establish schools/seminaries in districts

What did the Society of Jesus want to do?

Extend the boundaries of the reformed Roman church

Who founded the Society of Jesus? Who was he?

St. Ignatius Loyla, a Basque nobleman and soldier

What happened to St. Ignatius Loyola before he started the Society of Jesus?

He was injured during battle and while he was recovering, he read spiritual works/accounts of saints’. He resolved to devote his energy to religion

What were members of the Society of Jesus called?

Jesuits

What was required of Jesuits?

Needed a rigorous and advanced education in many different subjects (such as philosophy, theology, science, language, and more)

Why were Jesuits effective missionaries?

They were very educated, and therefore able to outargue or persuade their opposers

What power did some Jesuits have?

Often served as counselors for rulers and used their influence to promote policies benefitting Roman Catholicism

Who were the most prominent Christian missionaries outside of Europe that made Christianity a global religion?

Jesuits

What was the most destructive violence in Europe of the time other than wars?

Witch-hunting

Where was with-hunting especially prominent?

Where tensions between Protestants and Roman Catholics were high (especially in Germany)

What did people believe about witches that led to them being hunted?

Theologians came up with the idea that witches (those with unusual powers to influence human affairs/discover secret information) got their powers from making deals with the devil for supernatural powers

Thought witches attended “witches’ sabbath”, gathering featuring devil worship, making of secret potions, etc

What led to the hunting of witches?

Fear of the witches’ sabbath and contact with the devil (though fake)

What did witchcraft serve as?

A scapegoat

People blamed misfortunes on witches and witchcraft

What happened to those who were put on trial for being witches?

Many were executed, excommunicated, or imprisoned

Who were the people most convicted as witches?

Women, many of whom were poor, old, single, or widowed.

People who were outcasts and had few protectors

What did King Phillip II of Spain try to to do protestant Queen Elizabeth of England? What was the outcome?

He tried to dethrone her by sending forces into England. English forces destroyed Spanish ones, and Queen Elizabeth remained alive and on the throne

How did the United Provinces form?

Aggravated relations between the Netherlands and Spain fueled a revolt of the Calvinist Dutch provinces against the King of Spain. The king of Spain sent forces to stop the revolt which led to a full scale rebellion. Seven Northern provinces formed a republic called the United Provinces

What started the Thirty Years’ War?

When the Holy Roman Emperor attempted to force Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church (from Protestantism)

Where was the Thirty Years’ War mainly fought?

In the emperor’s territory in Germany

What were motives for states to join the Thirty Years’ War?

Political and economic

________ differences complicated other issues and made them harder to solve (during the Thirty Years’ war)

Religious

What was the effect of the Thirty Years’ War? What was it coined?

War damaged economies, societies, and lives

Most destructive European conflict before the 20th century

How did centralizing monarchs increase power?

They used religious issues to strengthen states and enhance authority

How did ruling elites choose between Protestantism or Roman Catholicism?

Personal conviction

What did religious controversies give opportunities to subordinates to do?

Build power bases by appealing to particular religious communities  

What did leaders of states do after the 30 Years’ War?

Devised a diplomatic system to maintain order among independent/competitive states

After the ____ empire, there was no effective imperial government in Western Europe

Carolingian

Why was the Holy Roman Empire not considered an effective imperial government?

Its authority only extended to northern Italy and Germany, and it had opposition from princes/cities there  

Who failed to revive the Holy Roman Empire?

Charles V

Early modern Europe developed as a region of _____

Independent states

What family dominated the Holy Roman Empire?

The Hasburg family (had extensive land in Austria, too)

What did marriage alliances with royal families do for the Hasburgs?

Accumulated rights and titles to lands in and out of Europe

What did Charles V do?

He inherited many lands, became emperor, and acquired more lands

Where did Charles V’s authority stretch from?

Austria to Peru

What prevented Charles V from extending authority throughout Europe and establish a lasting imperial legacy?

• Had to devote a lot of attention to the Lutheran movement and imperial princes who took advantage of religious controversy to gain power.

• Because of ^, he did not built an administrative structure, and ruled according to the lands’ laws and customs.

• He drew finances from wealthy lands to maintain a powerful army, but he did not use it to expand, but rather to put out rebellions

How did other empires and states (such as the Ottomans and France) try to stop the expansion of the Holy Roman Empire?

They allied with each other and created difficulties, including encouraging rebellion and conflict to deter the HRE.

Why were the Turkish afraid of being taken over by the HRE? The French?

Turkish— they didn’t want to compromise their position in the Mediterranean, which was convenient for trade and shipping

French— they were surrounded by the HRE and expected it would try to absorb their territory

What did resistance from other states do to the Holy Roman Empire/Charles V?

It kept Charles V from being the supreme political authority of Europe

How was Charles V religiously tolerant?

He agreed to let imperial princes/cities determine religious faith observed in jurisdictions

Where did guidance of public affairs fall to without central power?

Various regional states that emerged

Why were Italian city states prominent?

Because of their economic power (They were Europe’s most important centers of trade, finance, manufacturing)

What were the three most important kingdoms/states?

England, France, and Spain

What were the rulers of England, France, and Spain called? What did they do?

“New monarchs”

Built strong centralized regimes

What did the “new monarchs” seek?

Sought to gain wealth through new sources of revenue (ex. taxes)

What rulers were “new monarchs”?

• Henry VIII (England)

• Louis XI (France)

• Francis I (France)

• Fernando and Isabel (Spain)

Why did the English not introduce taxes when the Spanish and French did?

They were afraid of the reaction it would cause. They instead raised fees and fines

What did Henry VIII do when he left the Roman Catholic Church?

He closed monasteries and took all their stuff. He used the money from that to increased the size, power, and responsibilities of the state

What was more money used for in the new monarchies?

• Building administrative staffs which allowed for easier and better tax collection and policy implementation

• Maintaining armies that increased power. Supplied them with weapons

Which of Spain, France, and England did not have a standing army? Why? How did they increase/ensure their power instead?

England because they did not need one

Made nobles subject to royal justice and complying with royal policy to keep them in check

What led to the Roman Catholic Church mobilizing their resources? What did they use those resources for?

Protestant movements

Used them against political and religious opponents

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

An effort by Isabel and Fernando of Spain to find those who practiced any other religion but Roman Catholicism (specifically Judaism, Islam, or Protestant religions)

What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition?

To protect the Spanish colonies from heretical teachings

Political/religious purposes

What did the Spanish Inquisition cause/lead to?

Silenced people because of fear

Nobles did not convert to protestantism for power because of it

After the 30 Years’ War, what two lines did states develop along?

• Shared authority, constitutional states

• Concentrated power, absolute monarchies

What government did England build after the English Civil War?

Constitutional monarchy

What government did the Netherlands build after their long independence struggle?

A republic based on a representative government (constitutional monarchy)

What governments did the English/Dutch make?

Governments claiming powers/recognizing rights of individuals/institutions (not written constitutions)

What did constitutional governments do for England/Netherlands (Dutch)?

Strengthened the state and provided political framework, enabling merchants to flourish

What led to the English Civil War?

Political and religious disputes

The English kings tried to institute taxes without parliament permission. This generated political tensions

The kings were Anglican while the parliament were Calvinists (AKA Puritans). Religious tension

King Charles I and parliament raised separate armies

Who led the parliament army in the English Civil War? What did he do?

Oliver Cromwell

He captured, tried, and beheaded King Charles I

Why were the Puritans called that?

Because they waned to “purify” the English church of Roman Catholic influence

What happened when Cromwell/Puritan’s regime took over?

England became a dictatorship

How did the parliament restore monarchy after Oliver Cromwell (and dictatorship)?

The parliament installed King Charles II (son of the last king)

Further conflicts within the English government after the installment of King Charles II led to the _____ ________

Glorious Revolution

What was the Glorious Revolution?

The events leading to the overthrow of the Catholic King James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.

How did parliament get rid of King James II? What was the result?

They invited his daughter and her husband to take the throne

Kings would rule in cooperation with parliament, guaranteeing jobs and citizen representation in government

Who ruled the Low Countries?

King Phillip II of Spain (Roman Catholic)