Hygiene principles (liver diseases)

Liver disease

The major causes of this include drug toxicity, cirrhosis, viral infections (e.g., hepatitis B and C), neoplasms, and biliary tract disorders.

Liver

This is the site of production for most of the clotting factors, excessive bleeding during or after periodontal treatment may occur in patients with severe ————— disease.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver that may result from infectious or other causes. Examples: viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, secondary syphilis, and tuberculosis. This may be non-infectious as well. Examples: excessive or prolonged use of toxic substances (acetaminophen, alcohol, halothane, ketoconazole, methyldopa, methotrexate).

NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)

The presence of fat in more than 5% of the liver cells. It is the most common liver disease and affects up to 25% of American adults, 60% of whom are men.

B, C, and D

The only 3 types of hepatitis that have carrier stages are:

Active hepatitis (with chronic infection)

This is characterized by active virus replication in the liver, presence of antigens, signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease, persistent hepatic cellular necrosis, elevated liver enzymes for longer than 6 months.

Carrier state (with chronic infection)

This state of hepatitis is characterized by persistent low levels of virus in the liver and serum viral antigens for longer than 6 months without signs of liver disease. It is potentially infectious to others. This state may persist for decades or may cause liver disease progressing to chronic active hepatitis.

2.0

If dental surgery is required for patients with liver disease, they may require hospitalization and their international normalized ratio (INR) should generally be less than what? For simple surgical procedures, INR less than 2.5 is generally safe.

Liver

Most coagulation factors are synthesized and removed by what organ?

HAV (hepatitis A virus)

This is a virus that causes liver disease, transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. Common sources include: contaminated wells or water supplies, restaurants and raw shellfish. Incubation 15-50 days average=25 days. Often asymptomatic and occurs primarily in children and young adults, usually mild severity and self limiting. No known carrier state. Recovery usually conveys immunity against infections. Highly effective vaccines are available.

HBV (hepatitis B virus)

A virus that is transmitted through blood and other bodily fluids that causes inflammation of the liver. What Variant of the hepatitis virus?

2 weeks to 6 months

Incubation period for Hep C can range from how long to how long? 60%-90% of HVC cases are transmitted by blood and blood products. Those at greater risk include: injection drug users, hemodialysis patients, persons with multiple sexual partners, persons who have sexual contact with persons who have chronic HVC, healthcare workers exposed to blood, and recipients of whole blood, blood cellular components, or plasma.

1 week

HBV can survive for how long in dried blood on environmental surfaces and on contaminated needles and instruments. Role of saliva in HBV transmission except through percutanious or perimucosal routes does not appear significant.

Bile pigments

“Jaundice” is the yellowish discolouration of the skin and other tissues such as the ‘white’ or sclera of the eye, can be caused by these. These are a natural breakdown product when old red blood cells are destroyed. Ordinarily, ———— ——————— are excreted from the liver into the digestive tract. They become part of the feces and are eliminated by the body.

Hep A virus

This variant of the hepatitis virus is the most highly associated with jaundice.

Alcoholic hepatitis

Diffuse inflammatory condition of the liver that is characterized by destructive cellular changes. Can be a reversible condition, however it can be fatal if damage is widespread.

Blood brain barrier

Drugs that cross this barrier interfere with the normal functioning of the nervous system. Can adversely impact functions such as circulation, digestion, respiration, muscular, ability to reason and make judgements (dementia).