The 1928 Election pg. 69-73

Who won the White House in 1920 and 1924?

The Republicans

Apart from Woodrow Wilson who was the only other democrat to have been elected since the beginning of the Civil War

Grover Cleveland

What was two ideological tensions that existed between the two parties?

Free silver populists against anti-tariff hard money champions

Who did free silver populists mold after?

William Jennings Bryan

Anti-tariff ideologies followed who?

Grover Cleveland

Who was the traditional heart of the Democratic party?

The Southern rural wing

What were Rural Southerners were committed to?

Prohibition

What were those who followed prohibition called?

Drys

Dry Democrats tended to be what?

White native-born Protestants

Dry Democrats overlapped extensively with what group?

Pro-KKK factions

How did Bryan feel about the KKK?

Bryan hated the Klan despite it having championed fundamentalism

What did the Northern wing of the Democratic party owe its growth to?

The waves of immigration that had reshaped American cities

Earlier immigrant groups particularly the Irish formed the powerbase for what?

Great machines that dominated local politics in cities like New York and Boston

Later immigrants particularly the Italians bolstered what Party’s strength?

The Democratic Party

What religion did immigrant Democrats most practice?

Catholicism

immigrant Democrats were the main opposers of what?

Prohibition

Those who opposed Prohibition were called what?

Wets

In 1924 who tried to secure the Democratic nomination but was clocked by the drys?

New York Governor Alfred E. Smith

Alfred E. Smith was the preferred candidate of who?

The wets

What religion did Smith practice?

Catholic

Where was Smith raised?

In the tenements of Manhattans Lower East Side

True or False, Smith went to college at Harvard

False, Smith was a self-made man who never attended college

Where did Smith get his political education from?

Tammany Hall

How could Smiths reputation be described?

Favorable

What did New York politicians marvel about Smith?

His preternatrual administrative talent that had been honed through managing the nations largest state

Where did Smith fail to secure the parties nomination?

On his home turf at New York’s Madison Square Garden

Who was nominated as the Democratic parties presidential candidate in 1924?

West Virginias John Davis

How many ballots did it take to nominate Davis?

103

The nomination of Davis revealed what about the party?

The intensity of the party’s internal conflict

What was the consequences of the compromise ticket?

It angered all factions and sank the parties chacnes

Who did the compromise ticket include as vice president??

William Jennings Bryan’s brother Charles as vice presidential nominee

In 1928 Smith secure a historic nomination as what?

The first Catholic presidential candidate of a major party

Who would smith face off against?

Herbert Hoover

What party did Hoover represent?

Republican

How did Smith prepare to face Hoover?

By balancing the ticket with a dry Senator from Arkansas

How was Smith’s religion an issue?

Journalists openly questioned his ability to reconcile his Catholic faith with the oath of office

What did the Atlantic publish about Smith?

A sophisticated open letter from a lawyer that quoted edicts of various Popes to demonstrate the conflict between Catholic dogma and the Constitutions mandate of religious pluralism

What was smiths response to the Atlantic?

Smith defended himself

By defending himself against the Atlantics published letter what did Smith do?

Defended more than 20 million American Catholics from charges of due loyalty

Why did many Protestant Democrats mistrust Smith?

Due to his urban Catholic background as well as his unambiguous wet pronouncements

How Smith preform on the ballot?

Smith underperformed other Democrats across the South

How many votes did Smith lose by in the popular vote?

more than 6 million

How many electoral votes did Smith garner?

87

Did smith win his home state?

No

How many former Confederate states did Smith lose?

5

Where did Smith win a majority of votes in?

The 12 biggest cities in the Country outside of the Solid South

What states made up the Solid South?

Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina

What two states did Smith take?

Massachusetts and Rhode Island

Which state has the nations largest Catholic population?

Massachusetts

What did Smiths 1928 election reveal?

The potency and soft anti-Catholic bigotry in American politics

How did Smiths loss affect the Democratic party?

It would propel the Democratic Party to five consecutive presidential victories in the following decades

What did Smith see success in?

Flopping norther counties with high immigrant population to the Democratic Party

What did Smith reveal to the Democratic Party?

The potential for immigrant voters to upend the American political landscape

What shift did African American voters see?

A shift away from the Republican Party, solidifying into a historic realignment by 1936

Who did Smith inspire devotion amongst?

His working class supporters

What was Smiths defeat attributable to?

The popularity and strength of Herbert Hoover

What did Hoover work as before being a presidential candidate?

Commerce Secretary

What administration was Hoover apart of?

the Harding Administration

Hoover helped with the Hardings Administrations response to what?

The 1921 recession

What position did Hoover hold during the 1921 recession?

chair of the President’s Conference on Unemployment

Hoover was the driving force behind what?

The adoption of a comprehensive federal regulatory framework for radio by Congress

What was Hoovers nickname?

The Great Engineer

Before entering politics what was Hoovers job?

He helped an international mining corporation strike gold

What was unusual about Hoover from previous presidents?

He was unusually well-traveled

Where did Hoover live in during his engineering days?

Australia, China, America, and Russia

What background of Hoovers was rare for an American Politician?

Hoovers Technical business background

What did most politicians have a background in?

Law

Where was Hoover born?

In Iowa

Where was Hoover raised?

Oregon

What ideology was Hoover raised by?

Strickt Quaker relatives

Hoover was the first president from what region of the United States?

The West Coast

Hoover was the first member of what group to win the Presidential Race?

The SOciety of Friends

When did Hoovers first foray into politic come?

Shortly after the outbreak of WW1

What was Hoovers first experience with politics?

When he founded and led a non-governmental organization

What organization did Hoover create and lead?

Commission for Relief of Belgium

Where did Hoover get the second nickname: the Great Humanitarian

As a result of his deft coordination of a massive international effort to deliver emergency food rations to Belgians and other European civilians

On the even of his Republican nomination campaign Hoover was spearheading what emergency relief effort?

A massive flood along the Mississippi River

When was The Great Mississippi Flood?

The spring of 1927

What system failed during the Great Mississippi Flood?

The levee system

Who built the levee system?

The U.S Army Corps of Engineers

How many miles did the Great Mississippi Flood extend?

Nearly 1,000 miles

Where did the flood extend through?

Cairo, Illinois, to New Orleans, Louisiana

How wide was the area of damage from the flood?

150 feet wide

What was lost die to the flood?

Trees, livestock, and entire homes

How many people are estimated to have lost their lives in the Great Mississippi Flood?

1,000 people

How many people fled their homes due to the flooding?

1.5 million people

What was the damage cost of the flood?

close to 1 billion dollars

How many months did hover spend marshaling relief workers?

3 months

How many relief workers did Hoover bring together?

33,000

Who joined the relief effort sponsored by Hoover?

Red Cross nurses, National guard soldiers, and volunteers

How much money did Hoover spend for rescue and care for refugees?

$42 Million

What was Hoovers relief operation tainted with?

Racial discrimination and Jim Crow segregation

How was racial discrimination practiced in Hoovers relief effort?

Near Vicksburg, Mississippi, African American families were sent to crowded camps with fewer tents, blankets, and beds than far better-equipped neighboring camps for white refugees

How were African American sharecropper treated in refugee camps?

They were forcibly prevented from leaving the camps due to white plantation owners fearing the loss of their tenants, and forced to labor at camps by the National Guard

Who criticised the prison-like conditions and abuse of refugees?

The African American press, and officials with the NAACP

The press and NAACP prompted Hoover to do what?

Appoint several prominent African American to an advisory commission to investigate the allegations

How did Hoover respond to the prompt by the NAACP and other African American press?

Hoover accepted the recommendations though he could not fully ameliorate the effects of local prejudice

What was an effect of Hoovers response to the criticism?

He won a large share of the African-American vote in 1928

How did Hoovers involvement in the Great Mississippi Flood effect his public perception?

It affirmed his reputation as a capable and inspiring leader who preformed best in a crisis

In contrast to Coolidge’s inert leadership what did Hoover posses?

The can-do attitude of the prototypical man of action