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alveoli
clusters of thin-walled sacs at the terminal branches of the conducting airways
surfactant
type of phospholipid, which facilitates lung expansion
alveolar macrophages
phagocytic cells which remove particles of dust and debris from alveolar spaces
respiration
exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
inspiration
inflow
expiration
outflow
diaphragm
dome-shaped, muscular and membranous structure that separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities in mammals
external intercostal muscles
small muscles located in between each rib, starting at the first rib and extending down to the 11th rib, raises the ribs
scalene muscles
elevate the first two ribs, the three muscles found on each side of the neck, spanning between the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and the upper two ribs
sternomastoid
raises the sternum, powerful neck muscle that allows you to bend your neck and turn or tilt your head.
tidal volume
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle, 500 mL of air
compliance
how much effort is required to stretch or distend the lungs
newborn respiratory distress syndrome
a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant, occurs in babies born early (premature) whose lungs are not fully developed
spirometer
used to measure changes in lung volume that occur with different respiratory efforts
obstructive lung disease
disease that affects the airway, shortness of breath because it's hard for them to exhale all the air from their lungs
asthma
airway obstruction due to constriction of the smaller airways (bronchi and bronchioles) and caused by allergy-induced spasm of the smooth muscle in the walls of these airways
emphysema
breakdown of alveolar walls and loss of elasticity, occurs due to release of destructive enzymes from alveolar macrophages following chronic exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants
barrel chest
lungs remaining inflated due to loss of elasticity and size of chest cage increases
saturation curve
a plot of the percent saturation of hemoglobin as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2
hemoglobin
red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group
oxyhemoglobin
oxygen and hemoglobin combine in a readily reversible reaction to form this
hypoxia
deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
phrenic nerve
innervates the diaphragm, causes diaphragm to contract and relax
intercostal nerve
innervates the external intercostal muscles, aids in the contraction of muscles and the return of sensory information from the skin and parietal pleura
hyperventilation
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract more forcefully and more frequently
chemoreceptors
on the ventral surface of the brain stem and in the carotid and aortic bodies on the large vessels leaving the heart, special nerve cells that detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood and send information to the brain to regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions
