big bang theory and stars

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stellar nebula

A cloud of gas and dust where stars are born

main sequence star

A normal star that is undergoing nuclear fusion. Our sun is an example of this.

massive star

A star that is much larger than a Sun-like Star; will blow up in a supernova and end as a neutron star or black hole

average star

produces own heat/light, average mass, includes main sequence stars

hertzsprung diagram

organizes the family of stars into a diagram; across bottom is star's temperature and side is star's absolute magnitude; a star's temperature and color depend on how big the star is

super red giant

A massive star that has stopped hydrogen fusion

fusion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

red giants

a large old reddish star that has greatly expanded and cooled as its fuel (hydrogen) has begun to run out

supernova

A gigantic explosion in which a massive star caves in and throws its outer layers into space

planetary nebula

A huge cloud of gas that is created when a red giants loses all its fuel

neutron star

the small, dense remains of a high-mass star after a supernova

black hole

An object in space whose gravity is so strong not even light can escape.

white dwarf

A small, hot, dim star that is the leftover center of an old star

black dwarf

A white dwarf that has burnt out completely.

big bang theory

The theory that the universe originated in a huge explosion that released all matter and energy.

singularity

A point in which matter is infinitely dense, as in the center of a black hole or the universe at the very beginning.

steady state theory

a theory which states that there was no beginning to the universe and that the universe does not change in appearance.

1/10^43 seconds after the big bang

the universe is beginning to expand and is extremely hot

1/10^34 seconds after the big bang

universe is the size of a pea, lots of energy and light. as well as cooling beginning to occur

1/10^4 seconds after the big bang

protons and neutrons begin to form

1/100 seconds after the big bang

universe now the size of the solar system

1 second after the big bang

1 trillion, trillion kilometers across in length, at 10 billion degrees celsius

5 minutes after the big bang

the nuclei of the first three elements form: hydrogen, helium, and small amounts of lithium

300,000 years after the big bang

atoms finally form as electrons slow down. universe has cooled tremendously

200 million years after the big bang

first stars and planets form

doppler effect

An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving

red shift

the change in the wavelength of light due to an object moving away from the observer (red moving away and blue moving towards)

cosmic microwave background radiation (cmb)

A faint glow of light that fills the universe, falling on earth from every direction with nearly uniform intensity. leftovers from the big bang. cannot be seen.

hydrogen and helium

two most abundant elements in the universe

photon

particle of light