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48 Terms
1
Social psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, & relate to one another.
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Person perception
How we form impressions of ourselves & others, including attributions of behavior.
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Attribution theory
Theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation (situational attribution) or the person’s stable, enduring traits (dispositional attribution).
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4
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation & to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
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5
Actor-observer bias
Tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, while observers attribute others’ behavior to internal causes.
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Mere exposure effect
The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.
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7
Prejudice
An unjustifiable & usually negative attitude toward a group & its members, involving negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, & a predisposition to discriminatory action.
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Stereotype
Generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
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9
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
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10
Just-world phenomenon
Tendency for people to believe the world is just & that people therefore get what they deserve.
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11
Social identity
The 'we' aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to 'Who am I?' that comes from our group memberships.
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12
Ingroup
'Us' - people with whom we share a common identity.
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13
Outgroup
'Them' - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
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14
Ingroup bias
The tendency to favor our own group.
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15
Scapegoat theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
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16
Other-race effect
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.
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Attitudes
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, & events.
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18
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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19
Door-in-the-face phenomenon
The tendency for people who deny a large request to comply later with a smaller request.
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20
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
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21
Cognitive dissonance theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
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22
Persuasion
Changing people’s attitudes, potentially influencing their actions.
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23
Peripheral route persuasion
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.
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Central route persuasion
Occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence & arguments.
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25
Norms
A society’s understood rules for accepted & expected behavior.
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Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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Normative social influence
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
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Informational social influence
Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
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29
Obedience
Complying with an order or command.
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Social facilitation
In the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks.
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Social loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal.
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Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness & self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal & anonymity.
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Group polarization
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion.
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Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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35
Culture
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, & traditions shared by a group of people.
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36
Tight culture
A place with clearly defined & reliably imposed norms.
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Loose culture
A place with flexible & informal norms.
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Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
The application of psychological concepts & methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
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39
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
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Bystander effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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Social exchange theory
Theory that our social behavior is an exchange process aimed at maximizing benefits & minimizing costs.
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42
Reciprocity norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
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43
Social-responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help.
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44
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
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45
Social trap
A situation in which two parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
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Mirror-image perceptions
Mutual views held by conflicting parties, where each sees itself as ethical & peaceful.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment due to the person’s own actions.
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48
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that override differences among people & require their cooperation.
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