bio set 1

biology terms

biodiversity

the range of different living things in a region

biosphere

any area on earth living things inhabit

endemic

only found in one location

Biodiversity hotspot

an area where multiple endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species (1500)

species

morphologically similar group of organisms that share a gene pool

morphological species concept

definition of a species based on morphology

phylogenetic species concept

the definition of a species that states a species made of the smallest group of individuals sharing a common ancestor, often determined through genetic analysis

biological species concept

definition of a species based on whether members can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

ecosystem

a self sustaining unit made of biotic factors and how they interact with the abiotic actors of the environment

abiotic factor

non living - physical and chemical factors (temp, light and ph of soil)

biotic factors

living organisms

terrestrial

living or growing on land

aquatic

relating to water, fresh or salt

taxonomic level

the group of an organism (kingdom, domain, phylum)

binomial nomenclature

scientific 2part name consisting of a genus name and a species name

vascular tissue

tissue devoted to the transport of water, nutrients, sugars and other substances

seed

an embryo with a stored food supply

classification key

a tool used to identify organisms based on their characteristics

dichotomies

each step has 2 choices

phylogenetic tree

shows evolutionary history of a species

ecology

study of the interactions of organisms with their physical environment and with other organisms

biome

large scale category of ecosystem across a large area

topography

the composition of the natural and artificial features of an area

community

a collection of all the living populations interacting in an ecosystem

predator

a species that eats another species, they prey

parasite

an organism that lives on or in another organism

habitat

an area or environment within an ecosystem where an individual of a species lives, feeds and reproduces

population

A group of individuals in the same species that live in the same area at the same time

limiting factors

an element of the environment that restricts the survival of an organism in a region

photic zone

a region of water that light can penetrate, allowing photosynthesis to occur

dominant species

most common species in an ecosystem

competition

when to or more organisms compete for a resource that limits their survival and reproduction

biology

study of living things

organisms

living things that can respire to produce energy, grow, respond to stimuli, consume nutrients, reproduce ad regulate their internal environment

collaboration

the beneficial working together of members of the same species

interspecific

describes interactions or relationships between members of different species

predation

interaction between species in which one species, predator kills prey

symbiosis

a relationship between individuals of 2 or more species that is beneficial to at least one species

parasitism

relationship between 2 species, parasite gets nutrients from the host (host may sicken or die overtime)

mutualism

symbiotic relationship Bothe species benefit

commensalism

one organism benefits the other does not but is not harmed

ectoparasites

Parasites that live and feed on the external surface of their host

Endoparasites

live and feed within their host

genes

a section of DNA in a chromosome that coded for a specific protein

gene pool

sum of all the genes in a given population of one species

hybrid

non-viable infertile offspring that can result form the mating of 2 individuals from different species

genetic diversity

variety of genetic traits within a species

d, k, p, c, o, f, g, s

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

common ancestor

a species from which a 2+ species evolved

phylogeny

the evolutionary ancestry of a species

phylogenetic tree

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms

how are biotic factors linked

through energy transfer

genetic diversity

variety of genetic traits within a species

spacial scale

space being occupied

distribution

pattern of members of a species in an area

examples of patterns of distribution

random, clumped and uniform

temporal

provide details about biodiversity in a certain area over a certain time period

taxa

a group of organisms (kingdom, phylum)

dorsal nerve cord

bundle of nerve fibres that runs down the back

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

organelle

a specialised structure or compartment within a cell that has a specific function

4 bases of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

amino acid

a nitrogen-containing compound that is the building block of proteins

embryo

The early stage of development after the fertilization of the egg

what domain are plants

eukaryotic

autotrophic

produces its own simple sugars through photosynthesis

non-vascular plants

bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

vascular plants

tracheophyta

gymnosperms

non-flowering plants (both male and female sex cells in cones)

angiosperms

flowering plants (have male and female sex cells in parts of the flower)

cotyledon

embryonic leaf

classification key

tool used by scientists to identify organisms that belong to species that have already been discovered

evolution

small incremental changes over generations to adapt to their environment

the more recent common ancestor lived - the closer related they are meaning

they have more features in common

cladistics

a method of classifying organisms based on the characteristics they share

cladogram

a diagram constructed using cladistics that shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms

paraphyletic

group that doesn't contain all organisms descended from the most recent common ancestors (reptilia)

clade

a taxonomic group that contains all of the dependents of a common ancestor

monophyletic

organisms that can be grouped together as a clade

how does DNA sequencing work

compares DNA sequences to others

2 major groups of biomes

terrestrial and aquatic

community

sum of all living organisms in a habitat

terrestrial environments example

tundra, deserts, forests

climate

atmospheric weather of an area measured and averaged over a long period of time

4 main elements of climate

temp, light, water, wind

limiting factor

an element of environment that restricts the survival of an organism to a region

substrate

supporting surface where an organism grows

aquatic environments examples

oceans, lakes, rivers

Estuaries

transitional region where fresh water from a river meets saltwater

photic zone

a region of water that light can penetrate allowing photosynthesis

3 levels of biodiversity

genetic, species, ecosystem

Phylum Porifera Characteristics

lack organs, all aquatic, asexual reproduction, lack NS

Phylum Porifera example

sponges

phylum cnidaria characteristics

2 basic body forms, some species have a life cycle that alternates between a polyp stage and medusa stage (2 body forms), all aquatic

phylum cnidaria example

jellyfish

phylum annelida characteristics

cylindrical segmented body with bristles, move using hydrostatic skeleton and/or appendages

phylum annelida example

earthworm, leeches

phylum Mollusca characteristics

soft bodied and unsegmented, most have rasping tongue, aquatic and terrestrial species, when aquatic posses gills

phylum arthropoda, class crustacea characteristics

2 antenna, 3 pairs mouth parts, walking g legs, fusion of head and thorax

phylum arthropoda, class arachnida characteristics

8 legs, no antenna, 2 pairs feeding appendages, 2 part body