auburn university history 1010 bian exam 2

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Theory of Ideal Forms

world of ephemeral and material forms; world of ideal and eternal forms; Plato said this was the only genuine world

the republic

first major work of utopian literature written by plato

Utopia

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect

Auxillaries

self-perpetuating and in part recruited from the most promising children of slaves (3rd group)

guardians

Selected from the best children of the Auxiliaries. They undertake the task of governing upon completing training (4th group)

aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato, believed in the existence of ideal form, thought from and matter were inseperable, 384-322 BC

Plato Academy

School founded by Plato in Athens to train statesmen and citizens, 387 BC

Theory of Form and Matter

form: ultimate reality or universal principle

matter: material manifestation of the ultimate reality or universal principle

the politics

Aristotle identified three good forms of government

- Monarchy

- Aristocracy

- Constitutional government

constitutional government

a system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government

meaning and implications of greek philosophy

- Greek philosophy was a product of reason and a system of rational and logical analysis

- This rational approach to human society and nature formed the primary intellectual tradition of European civilization. Later such an approach would form the basis of European renaissance, the scientific revolution, and the enlightenment

- No deity/god was involved in developing this system of rational approach to human society and nature. It was based almost entirely on reason, rather than faith

Mediterranean triad

- Cereals

- Olives

- Gapes

What were the key components of roman state structure?

The ecological environment of ancient Greece was deficient in terms of its capacity to produce sufficient quantity of life sustaining resources. Consequently, ancient greeks were driven by necessity to engage in commodity production and economic exchange and to establish the foundation for a market-oriented exchange economy

Greek Colonization main cause

Population pressure. increased population further strained the already scarce food resources available in the rocky and mountainous greek peninsula and led greeks to establish colonies to relieve population pressure

recap of primary traditions

- Primary political tradition: administrative decentralization and institutional pluralism

- Primary intellectual tradition: a rational approach to human society and nature

- Primary socioeconomic tradition: a market-oriented exchange economy

- Primary religious tradition: Christianity- a belief system based on faith

Aeneas

a refugee from troy in asia minor

Romulus and Remus

aeneas's descendants, almost did not survive infancy, for an evil uncle had abandoned them by the flooded tiber river, she-wolf saved them,

romulus founded rome and established himself as its first king

Etrustcans

the first people to dominate Italy, 8th - 5th centuries BC

Consuls

served as supreme civil and military magistrates

Praetor

Assistant consul, who was an annually elected magistrate ranking below but having approximately the same functions as consul, created in 336 Bc

roman senate

selected group of 300 men (from leading families) who served for life, advice has the force of law

Assembly of Centuries

the military assembly

Assembly of Tribes

civilian assembly

Republic

A political system or a form of government in which the supreme power is in the hands of representatives elected by the people

patricians

were the noble families. About 5-7 % of roman families belonged to the patricians

Plebians

were the common people

struggle of the orders

between the patricians and the plebians, class struggle

Tribunes

elected by the plebians to protect their rights from arbitrary act of the patrician magistrates 494 BC

optimates

controlled the senate,wished to maintain their oligarchical privileges, and weaken the power of the popular assemblies

populares

were other ambitious aristocrats who used their popular assemblies as instruments to break the optimates dominance

Nature and character of the struggle between the optimates and the populares

Unlike the struggle of the orders, which was a class struggle in nature, the struggle between the optimates and populares was a struggle within the ruling class

Latifundia

great landed estates

The rise of latifundia and the decline of small farmers: major consequences

- Since small citizen farmers had traditionally provided the foundation of the roman army,the decrease in the number of small farmers meant that the number of men available for military service declined

- May of the landless small farmers drifted to cities like rome, forming a large class of laborers who possessed no property. They constituted the new urban proletariat

Proletariat

lowest class of citizens without property in ancient rome

Gracchi Brothers

attempted to reform rome, 133-121 BC

Tiberius Gracchus

the first populare, elected tribune in 133 BC, offered solution of a radical program of land redistribution benefiting small farmers: limiting the property rights of the haves and gave some of the land to the have-nots

Gaius Gracchus

elected tribune for 123 and 122 BC below, he presided over the plebian council

He fled from the elite and died

Gaius Marius

recruited an army from landless rural residents and urban workers

Lucius Sulla

leader of the aristocratic class who organized their own armies to protect their interests, fought his way into rome, known as "the blonde butcher of rome"

What did gaius marcus and Lucius sulla have in common?

Despite their political differences both generals recruited soldiers from the same segment of the population: the rural and urban poor

Julius Cesar

sponsored battles between gladiators and wild animals, made himself dictator for life - He centralized military and political functions

- He distributed confiscated land to army veterans

- He launched large-scale building projects to provide employment for the urban poor

Gaul

An ancient region and Roman province that included most of present-day France, Julius Caesar went to on a conquest

gaius octavian

Caesar's heir and grandnephew. He took western part in Rome

Mark Antony

Caesar's ally and assistant. He took part in Rome

Cleopatra

Egyptian queen who supported Julius Caesar in the civil war of Rome, entered into alliance with mark antony

Battle of Actium

marked the end of the Roman Republic, 31 BC

Augustus

(27 BC- 14 CE) was the first emperor of the western roman empire (27 BC - 476 CE)

Diocletian

emperor during campaign in 284 BC when the emperor got killed

tetrarchy

four persons sharing power simultaneously or the rule of four

What happened to the roman senate after the roman republic was transformed into the roman empire?

- Unlike the senate of the republic, the senate of the empire was not politically independent. With the loss of its independence to the emperor. It lost its presrige and eventually much of its power. Following the emperor Diocletian's reform, the senate became politically irrelevant and never regained the power that it had once held.

hebrews

Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism, left eqypt for palestine under moses

abraham

a native of the Sumerian city Ur in Mesopotamia, hebrew patriarch

Moses

prophet and lawgiver

Yahweh

the creater and sustainer of the world

Monotheism

belief in only one god

judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament, Jewish religion and Jewish way of life

Jesus of Nazareth

a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity

Pontius Pilate

Roman Governer who sentenced Jesus to death

new testament

The twenty-seven books of the Bible written in apostolic times, which have the life, teachings, Passion, death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Jesus Christ and the beginnings of the Church as their central theme.

old testament

The forty-six books of the Bible that record the history of salvation from Creation until the time of Christ.

Paul of Tarsus

second founder of christianity, jewish rabbi, developed comprehensive christian theology

Damascus

Capital of Syria

Antioch

The first community that included both Jewish and Gentile followers of Jesus was established in this city.

Gentiles

one who is not of the jewish faith or is of a non-jewish nation, non-jews

toleration

the hallmark of roman religious policy

Edicts of Diocletian (303-304)

- The destruction of Christian churches

- The burning of Christian scriptures

- The imprisonment of Christian clergy

- The sentence to death for all of those who refused to sacrifice to roman gods

Constantine the Great

the first roman emperor to profess christianity, considered himself to be the 13th apostle

Battle of Milvian Bridge

312, led to constantines conversion to christianity

Edict of Milan

(313 CE) officially declared the imperial policy of tolerating christianity

theoddosius the great

Christianity became state religion under this emperor, 346-395 CE

The new European civilization resulted from the coming together/fusion of three elements:

- Germanic peoples

- Legacy of the romans

- Christianity (teachings and church)

Germanic peoples

Since the days of Julius Caesar, they coexisted with Rome on the Northern borders; when the Huns invaded, the people invaded Rome while trying to flee, originally came from Scandinavia, which currently includes three countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

Kingdom of Ostrogoths

took control of Italy in the 5th century from Visigoths

retained the roman structure of government

Kingdom of Visigoths

occupied spain and italy until ostrogoths took control of italy in the 5th century

retained the roman structure of government

kingdom of the franks

this land was founded by Clovis and was one of the longest lasting German states in Europe, most powerful and dynamic of the poeples building new states in western europe

What explains the franks success?

The main reason was their conversion to christianity. By adopting christianity, the franks attracted the allegiance of the Christian population of the former roman empire and the recognition and support of the western Christian church

clovis

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy, succeeded his father as king of franks in 481

Pippin the Short

Founder of Carolingian Dynasty, 4'6

carolingian dynasty

deposed the Frankish king and assumed the kingship of the Frankish state

Papacy

Roman Catholic Church

Theocratic Monarchy

a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler

charlemagne

pippin the short's son, succeeded him as king of the franks, 6'4, intended to create an effective and centralized administrative bureaucracy. In order to bring about administrative centralization, he relied on his aristocratic deputies, the so-called counts to maintain order and stability in local society

Counts

Officials chosen by Charlemagne to rule parts of his empire in his name

Missi Dominici

("envoys of the lord ruler") maintained control over local officials and prevented their integration into provincial aristocracy

decentralized feudal system of government

Despite the best effort by Charlemagne and others, kings and emperors in medieval Europe never managed to bring about administrative centralization/centralized imperial rule. Instead of creating a centralized administrative bureaucracy, medieval European rulers developed this

Cause for the disintegration of Carolingian empire

- An equally important factor was a new wave of nomadic invasion during the 9th century

Muslims

a follower of the religion of Islam

Magyars

descendants of a nomadic people from central asia who had settled in hungary

Major consequences of nomadic invasions

1) the disintegration of the Carolingian empire and 2) the formation of regional states

vikings

one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century

Fuedalism

refers to political and social order of societies that decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in a centralized government

Lord

provided the vassal with a grant known as benefice

Vassal

a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance, owed his lord loyalty and military service

The relationship between a lord and a vassal was characterized by

reciprocity- the mutual exchange of favors

benefice

grants of land

serfs

who owed various obligations including labor services and payments of rent in kind (goods/produce).

manors

Large farm estates

what explains the emergence of serfs?

Beginning in the 7h century, rulers and administrators recognized intermediate categories of individuals who were neither fully slave nor fully free. These semi-free individuals became known as serfs. Overtime, the institution of serfdom encouraged the development of the manor as the principal form of agricultural organization in western Europe.

a decentralized political and social order

medieval feudalism represented an extension and expansion of the European civilizations primary political tradition, which is characterized by administrative decentralization and institutional pluralism