Exercise Science Exam 3

Anatomical Position

Body erect, feet apart, palms forward.

Directional Terms

Describes locations relative to anatomical position.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into right and left parts.

Frontal Plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse Plane

Divides body into top and bottom parts.

Medial-Lateral Axis

Imaginary line runs side-to-side, sagittal plane.

Flexion

Decreasing angle between body parts in sagittal plane.

Extension

Increasing angle between body parts in sagittal plane.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline in frontal plane.

Adduction

Movement towards the midline in frontal plane.

Anterior-Posterior Axis

Line through belly button, front to back.

Internal Rotation

Rotating towards the midline in transverse plane.

External Rotation

Rotating away from the midline in transverse plane.

Longitudinal Axis

Vertical line through center of the body.

Pronation

Rotating towards the midline; palm faces down.

Supination

Rotating away from midline; palm faces up.

Plantar Flexion

Foot movement downward and away from body.

Dorsiflexion

Backward or upward motion of foot or hand.

Fibrous Joints

Bones joined by fibrous tissues, immovable.

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones joined by cartilage, slightly movable.

Synovial Joint

Fluid-filled joint allowing free movement.

Articular Cartilage

Smooth tissue covering joint surfaces.

Joint Cavity

Space filled with synovial fluid.

Articular Capsule

Fibrous structure enclosing synovial joint.

Synovial Fluid

Lubricating fluid in joint cavity.

Reinforcing Ligaments

Connective tissue providing joint stability.

Pivot Joint

Allows rotation around a single axis.

Hinge Joint

Permits movement in one plane only.

Saddle Joint

Allows movement in multiple planes.

Plane Joint

Flat surfaces allowing gliding movements.

Condyloid Joint

Biaxial joint allowing angular movements.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Multiaxial joint allowing extensive movement.

Flexion

Decreasing angle between two body parts.

Extension

Increasing angle between two body parts.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle contracts without changing length.

Concentric Contraction

Muscle shortens while lifting weight.

Eccentric Contraction

Muscle lengthens while controlling weight.

Agonist

Muscle primarily responsible for movement.

Antagonist

Muscle opposing the action of agonist.

Synergist

Muscle assisting the agonist's action.

Stabilizer

Muscle maintaining joint stability during movement.

Sternocleidomastoid

Muscle responsible for neck flexion and rotation.

Concentric Action

Muscle shortening during contraction to produce movement.

Rectus Abdominis

Major abdominal muscle for trunk flexion.

External Obliques

Muscles involved in trunk flexion and rotation.

Erector Spinae

Muscles that extend the trunk.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle contraction without changing length.

Intra-abdominal Pressure

Pressure within the abdominal cavity for stability.

Pectoralis Major

Muscle that flexes and adducts the shoulder.

Latissimus Dorsi

Muscle that extends and adducts the shoulder.

Trapezius

Muscle that elevates, retracts, and depresses the scapula.

Deltoid

Muscle responsible for shoulder flexion and abduction.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Group of muscles stabilizing the shoulder joint.

Infraspinatus

Muscle that externally rotates the shoulder.

Supraspinatus

Muscle that abducts the shoulder.

Subscapularis

Muscle that internally rotates the shoulder.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle that flexes the elbow and supinates forearm.

Triceps Brachii

Chief extensor muscle of the elbow.

Brachioradialis

Muscle that flexes the elbow with neutral forearm.

Gluteus Maximus

Muscle that extends and abducts the hip.

Iliopsoas

Muscle that flexes the hip and trunk.

Quadriceps Femoris

Muscle group that extends the knee.

Hamstrings

Muscle group that flexes the knee and extends hip.

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle that plantar flexes the ankle.

Tibialis Anterior

Major muscle responsible for ankle dorsiflexion.

Biomechanics

Study of mechanical laws affecting living systems.

Kinetics

Study of forces causing motion.

Kinematics

Description of motion without considering forces.

Antagonist

Muscle opposing the action of another muscle.

Agonist

Primary muscle responsible for a movement.

Synergist

Muscle assisting the agonist in movement.

Neutralizer

Muscle preventing undesired joint actions.

Concentric Action

Muscle shortening while generating force.

Erector Spinae

Muscle group extending the trunk.

Rectus Abdominis

Muscle responsible for trunk flexion.

External Obliques

Muscle aiding in trunk rotation and flexion.

Pectoralis Major

Muscle flexing and adducting the shoulder.

Latissimus Dorsi

Muscle extending and adducting the shoulder.

Trapezius

Muscle elevating and retracting the scapula.

Deltoid

Muscle responsible for shoulder abduction.

Rotator Cuff

Group of muscles stabilizing the shoulder joint.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle flexing the elbow and supinating forearm.

Triceps Brachii

Chief muscle extending the elbow.

Brachioradialis

Muscle flexing the elbow with neutral forearm.

Gluteus Maximus

Muscle extending and abducting the hip.

Iliopsoas

Muscle flexing the hip and trunk.

Quadriceps Femoris

Muscle extending the knee and flexing hip.

Hamstrings

Muscle group flexing the knee and extending hip.

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle plantar flexing the ankle.

Tibialis Anterior

Major muscle dorsiflexing the ankle.

Biomechanics

Study of mechanical laws in living systems.

Kinematics

Description of motion independent of forces.

Kinetics

Study of forces affecting motion.

Kinematics

Description of motion without forces.

Mass

Quantity of matter in an object.

Inertia

Resistance to change in motion state.

Force

Influence causing velocity change in objects.

Weight

Force due to gravity on an object.