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Vocabulary flashcards covering joints, types of joints, spine movements, and basic bone anatomy from the video notes.
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Articulation (joint)
A point where two bones meet that allows movement; higher motion can lead to greater instability (ROM vs stability)
Range of motion (ROM)
The extent of movement allowed at a joint; as ROM increases, stability generally decreases
Hinge joint
A joint that allows movement in one plane (e.g., elbow and knee)
Gliding joint
Joints with small, flat bone surfaces that glide past one another to produce limited movement (carpals/tarsals)
Ball-and-socket joint (bone socket joint)
A joint with a ball-like end fitting into a cup, allowing wide range of motion but with less inherent stability (e.g., shoulder, hip)
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
The jaw joint; primarily a hinge to open and close the mouth
Compound joints
Joints that do not move in just one way; exhibit multiple directions of motion (e.g., spine with coupled motion)
Cervical spine
Neck region of the spine; capable of flexion/extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
Lateral flexion
Side bending of the spine; in the cervical spine, vertebrae may rotate toward the same side in the same direction
Lumbar spine rotation
Rotation of the lower spine, described as rotating in the opposite direction relative to lateral flexion
Saddle joint
Joint between the first metacarpal and proximal phalanx of the thumb; allows thumb opposition; commonly first carpometacarpal joint; prone to degeneration with age
Fibrous joints
Immovable joints connected by dense connective tissue (e.g., skull sutures, tooth sockets)
Cartilaginous joints
Bones joined by cartilage; slightly movable (e.g., pelvis, rib cage, intervertebral disks; poor blood supply)
Synovial joints
Joints where bones come together within a capsule containing synovial fluid and usually hyaline cartilage for smooth movement
Hyaline cartilage
Smooth, glassy cartilage covering joint surfaces to reduce friction during movement
Synovial fluid
Lubricant within the joint capsule that allows surfaces to move smoothly without grinding
Meniscus
Dense connective tissue discs that act as spacers/shock absorbers in joints (e.g., knee)
Axial skeleton
The central skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, hyoid; supports and protects the body’s core
Hyoid
Bone located under the mandible; anchor for the root of the tongue
Periosteum
Outer, tough fibrous layer of bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
Compact bone
Hard, dense outer layer of bone providing strength and protection
Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Porous, honeycomb interior; lighter and more flexible yet strong
Bone marrow
Soft tissue inside bone cavities; yellow marrow stores fat; red marrow produces blood cells
Diaphysis
The long central shaft of a long bone, mainly compact bone
Epiphysis
The wider ends of a long bone, mainly consisting of spongy bone
Metaphysis
Transitional region between the diaphysis and epiphysis in a long bone
Medullary cavity
Central cavity of bone where yellow and red marrow reside
Endosteum
Tissue lining the inner surfaces of bone
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells within bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that build new bone
Osteoclasts
Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone during resorption
Fracture
A break or crack in a bone