Bio 3201 Unit 1 chapter 1-4

mitosis

cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell

cytokinesis

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis and meiosis, bringing about two daughter cells

sexual reproduction

the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types

zygote

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete with a male gamete

interphase

the stage in the cell cycle that prepares the cell for division

meiosis

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells

DNA

a self replicating material that is the carrier of all all genetic information

chromatin

material that chromosomes and DNA are composed of

chromosomes

threadlike structure that carries genomic information from cell to cell

centromere

region of a chromosome where the microtubules of the spindle attach

chromatin fibers

long thin fibers that condense into DNA

homologous chromosomes

a pair of chromosomes originating from each parent

autosomes

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosomes

sex chromosomes

chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism

diploid

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organisms cells

haploid

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organisms cell

gametes

an organisms reproductive cells

prophase

the first phase of mitosis where the genetic material is split

metaphase

the second stage of mitosis where the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers

anaphase

the third stage of mitosis where the chromosomes move away from each other to the opposite poles

telophase

the final stage of mitosis where chromosomes move away from each other and nuclei are formed

G1 phase

the first growth stage where the cell grows and organelles are replicated

S phase

the phase where DNA is replicated

G2 phase

the phase where replication is completed and the cell is ready for division

asexual reproduction

when reproduction occurs with one parent

sexual reproduction

production of a new organism through genetics of two individuals

budding

asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from the body of the parent

fragmentation

when a fragment of the parent breaks off and develops into a new organism

binary fission

the process of a cell dividing into two

vegatative reproduction

when a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant

parthenogenis

when an ovum develops into a new individual without fertilization

spores

a cell that plants, fungi and bacteria produce

lytic cycle

when a virus hijacks a host cell to reproduce

lysogenic cycle

the virus integrates it's genetic material into the host cell to infect from within

host cells

a living cell that is capable of being invaded by a virus

attachment and entry

the virus attaches to the host cell and injects its genetic material

integration

viral DNA integrates into the host cells dna

dormancy

the viral DNA remains dormant within the host cell, replicating a long with the host cell

activation and replication

viral DNA takes over the host cell and directs the synthesis of viral components to assemble new viruses

release

the host cell is broken open, releasing newly formed viruses into the surrounding environment and they start new infections

gametophyte

the haploid stage in the life cycle of plants that produces gametes

sporephyte

diploid stage in the life cycle of plants that develops from the fusion of gametes

protonema

filamentous structure that develops from a spore

microspores

small spores that develop into male gametophytes producing sperm cells in plants

ovules

structures in seed plants that develop into seeds after fertilization

pollination

transfer of pollen from the male anthers to the female stigma of a flower

double fertilization

when one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote and another sperm forms the triploid endosperm

embryo

early developmental stage in multicellular organisms

metaphase ll

the stage in meiosis when chromosomes align at the equator preparing for separation

prophase ll

stage when chromosomes condense and the nucleus envelope breaks down

anaphase ll

when sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles

telophase ll

when chromatids reach the poles, nuclear envelopes reform and four haploid daughter cells are formed

spermatogenesis

process of sperm cell production in males

oogenesis

process of egg cell development in the ovaries resulting in one functional ovum and polar bodies

spermatogonium

diploid stem cell in the testes that initiates spermatogenesis

primary spermatocyte

diploid cells that undergo meiosis to produce secondary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis

secondary spermatocyte

haploid cells formed from primary spermatocytes that undergo meiosis to produce spermatids

spermatids

haploid cells formed from secondary spermatocytes that mature into spermatozoa

oogenium

diploid germ cell in the ovaries

benigh tumors

non cancerous growths that do not invade surrounding tissues

malignant tumor

cancerous growths that invade surrounding tissues and can spread to other parts of the body

oncogenes

promote uncontrolled cell growth and can lead to cancer development