AP Biology- Water and Carbon Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Ratio of 1 Carbon:2 Hydrogen:1 Oxygen

Polar

Lipids

Made of a lot of Carbon, a lot of Hydrogen, less Oxygen

Nonpolar

Nucleic Acids

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Proteins

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Carbohydrates- Monomers

Monosaccharides (most commonly glucose, fructose, or galactose

Carbohydrates- Polymers

Polysaccharides

Starch

A carbohydrate, plants quick store of energy (linear glucose)

Glycogen

A carbohydrate, animal quick store of energy inside the muscle (branded glucose)

Cellulose (fiber)

A carbohydrate, for structure in plants (cell walls), hard to break down

Chitin

A carbohydrate, structure in fungi and exoskeletons (also contains Nitrogen)

Lipids

Made of a lot of Carbon, a lot of Hydrogen, and less Oxygen

Nonpolar

Lipids- Monomers

Fatty acids (long C and H chain)

Saturated Fat

A lipid, no double bonds (straight chain)

Unsaturated Fat

A lipid, contains one or more double bonds (bent chain)

Lipids- Polymers

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroid Hormones

Tryglycerides

A lipid, the main form of function fat (most common) and used for long term energy storage. Made of one glycerol, three fatty acids

Phospholipids

A lipid, builds around 90% of the cell membrane

Polar with a hydrophilic P-head, Nonpolar with a hydrophobic tail

Steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogen)

A lipid, used for sending messages because it can travel through the cell membrane (like dissolves like)

Nucleic Acids

Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Made of the same(ish) three groups- a phosphate group, 5C sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acid- Monomers

Nucleotides

Nucleic Acid- Polymers

DNA, RNA

DNA, RNA

A nucleic acid, transmits and stores genetic information (main job) and also carries energy (ATP, NADH, FADH, NADPH…all nucleotides)

5C Sugar

Found in nucleotides, deoxyribose, ribose

Nitrogenous Bases

Found in nucleotides, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uraci

Central Dogma

The process of turning DNA (nucleic acids) into protein

Transcription: DNA to RNA

Translation: RNA to protein

Proteins

Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Has both hydrophobic (non polar) and hydrophilic (polar) properties

Protein- Monomers

Amino acids

Amino Acids

A protein, contains all identical structures but one different part (R group variable changes)…can make it hydrophobic (nonpolar) or hydrophilic (polar)

Protein- Polymers

Shape determines function:

Myosin, actin: movement

Collagen: structure

Proteins, hemoglobin: transportation (hemoglobin transports oxygen)

Catalyst, catalase: enzymes

Hormones (insulin, glucagon): messengers

Other polymers work as receptors or antibodies

Proteins, primary

Determines the order of amino acids (code from DNA)

Protein, secondary

First fold (makes an alpha helix or a beta pleat)

Protein, tertiary

Makes the 3D shape

Protein, quaternary

Multiple polypeptide chains combine

Protein, denature

Proteins function best in 37 degrees C (body temperature). In the wrong conditions, proteins will unfold and become inactive.