neuro 206 lecture 3; development and basic neuroanatomy

what is neurulation?

the process of formation of the hollow neural tube by folding of the epithelial neural plate

neurulation is induced by

cells in the primitive pit and notochord

how is the neural groove created?

the edges of the neural plate fold inward

What happens when the neural groove is closed?

formation of the neural tube

signals from midline structures do what?

generate motor structures ventrally and sensory interneurons dorsally

The early embryonic neural tube consists of

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, spinal cord

Prosencephalon is another term for

forebrain

Mesencephalon is another term for

midbrain

Rhombencephalon is another term for

hindbrain

The lumen of the neural tube becomes

ventricular system

The prosencephalon develops into what structure(s)

telencephalon and diencephalon

The telencephalon’s lumen develops and contains what structure

lateral ventricle

The diencephalon develops and contains what structures

third ventricle and optic vesicle

The mesencephalon develops into what structure(s)

stays the same

The mesencephalon develops and contains what structure

future cerebral aqueduct

The rhombencephalon develops into what structure(s)

metencephalon and myelencephalon

the metencephalon develops and contains what structure

fourth ventricle

the spinal cord contains

the central canal

the more commonplace name for the telencephalon is…

cerebrum

what is the brainstem?

a collection of structures that connect the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. In charge of automatic functions of the body

what structures does the brainstem consist of?

midbrain, pons, medulla

what two structures are derived from the metecephalon?

pons and cerebellum

what structure is derived from the myelenocephalon

medulla

how many cerebral lobes are there?

4

the cerebral lobes consist of

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

cerebral lobes are mostly separated by

sulci and fissures

what is a sulcus?

a groove or furrow in the brain

what is a fissure?

a deep groove in the brain

what is a gyrus?

a ridge or fold in the brain

cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus are located in…

the frontal lobe

the frontal and parietal lobes are separated by

central sulcus

the parietal and occipital lobes are separated by

parieto-occipital sulcus

the right and left hemispheres of the brain are separated by

longitudinal fissure

the frontal and parietal lobes are separated from the temporal lobe by the…

lateral/Sylvian fissure

the region deep in the lateral sulcus is the…

insula

The diencephalon carries what two neighboring structures of the brain?

hypothalamus and thalamus

what is the hypothalamus’s main function?

regulates emotions and visceral nervous system

what is the visceral nervous system?

autonomic nervous system; controls non-voluntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion to maintain homeostasis

What is the thalamus’s main function?

acts as the brain's central info relay station and "gatekeeper," processing and directing incoming sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex (EXCLUDING SMELL)

what is the tectum?

a key sensory processing area in the dorsal midbrain of vertebrates; dorsal to the hypothalamus

the tectum contains what two pairs of bumps?

superior colliculus

inferior colliculus

superior colliculus

Involved in directing behavioral responses to visual stimuli, controlling saccadic eye movements, and visual tracking.

inferior colliculus

Act as major auditory centers, helping to localize sounds and trigger auditory reflexes.

directional terms are

relative

what pair of directional terms relate to midline?

medial and lateral

medial

closer to midline

lateral

further from midline

what pair of directional terms relate anatomy to back and belly?

dorsal and ventral

dorsal

backside

ventral

bellyside

what pair of directional terms relate anatomy to front and back?

anterior/rostral

posterior/caudal

anterior/rostral

towards head

posterior/caudal

towards back

in the nervous system, the spinal nerves become

ventral and dorsal roots

what are the dorsal components of the spinal cord?

dorsal horn

dorsal roots

dorsal root ganglion

dorsal roots

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) that enters the posterior side of the spinal cord. It carries sensory (afferent) impulses from the periphery towards the central nervous system.

dorsal root ganglion

A cluster of neuron cell bodies located on the dorsal root, just outside the spinal cord. These cells process sensory information such as pain, temperature, and touch.

dorsal horn

Region that receives sensory information from the body. It consists of interneurons and sensory nuclei.

what are the ventral components of the spinal cord?

ventral roots

ventral horn

ventral roots

the motor (efferent) roots of the spinal nerve, which carry motor signals away from the spinal cord to the periphery

ventral horn

contain motor neurons (alpha and gamma) that innervate skeletal muscles, with large horns in the cervical and lumbar regions for limb control.

the dorsal and ventral horn are made up of

grey matter

the dorsal and ventral horns are surrounded by

white matter

grey matter has mostly

soma, dendrites

white matter has mostly

axons

how do anatomical terms differ between quadrupeds and bipeds?

Bipeds use the terms superior/inferior instead of dorsal/ventral for top/bottom differentiation

What anatomical plane is this?

frontal/coronal

What anatomical plane is this?

Sagittal

What anatomical plane is this?

horizontal

what type of section is this?

frontal/coronal

what type of section is this?

sagittal/parasagittal

what type of section is this?

horizontal

the two cerebral hemispheres are

highly interconnected

the three major sites of hemispheric communication is at…

corpus callosum

anterior commissure

posterior commissure

corpus callosum

the primary pathway for interhemispheric communication, enabling the coordination of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions.

what is a commissure?

commissural axons; axons that cross the midline, connecting opposite regions of the brain or spinal cord

what is a corpus callosotomy?

severing of corpus callosum; used as a treatment for severe epilepsy to cut communication and confine seizures to one hemisphere of the brain