AP Art: Ch. 16 Zips

1) This figure shows how atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration affects carbonate ion concentration in Earth's oceans. Which of the following represents the carbonate ion?

A) CO2

B) CO23-

C) CO32-

D) CO3-

E) CO42-

1) This figure shows how atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration affects carbonate ion concentration in Earth's oceans. Which of the following represents the carbonate ion?

A) CO2

B) CO23-

C) CO32-

D) CO3-

E) CO42-

C) CO32-

2) This figure shows the connection between ________.

A) the burning of fossil fuels and declining coral reef communities

B) the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and the 2011 tsunami in Japan

C) atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and the locations of major marine oil spills

D) coral reef declines and sewage pollution in marine ecosystems

E) atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and ocean temperature

A) the burning of fossil fuels and declining coral reef communities

3) An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels would cause a decrease in ________ in the ocean.

A) carbonic acid

B) H2O

C) carbide ions

D) carbonate ions

E) carbon dioxide

D) carbonate ions

4) Which of the following occurs as oceans absorb carbon dioxide?

A) Coral reefs thrive.

B) Ocean pH decreases.

C) Oceans become more alkaline (basic).

D) Concentration of carbonate ions increases.

E) Ocean water becomes more dense.

B) Ocean pH decreases.

1) About 80% of the ocean's water is found in the ________.

A) surface zone

B) pycnocline

C) deep zone

D) thermocline

E) euphotic zone

C) deep zone

2) Ocean water is saltiest ________.

A) where there is a large amount of glacial melting

B) where rains are the heaviest

C) where there is high evaporation and low precipitation

D) in estuaries

E) at the equator

C) where there is high evaporation and low precipitation

3) Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part, ________.

A) low in oxygen

B) the coldest

C) the densest

D) the saltiest

E) well mixed

E) well mixed

4) All of the following are true of ocean currents EXCEPT ________.

A) they are always rapid and powerful

B) they are driven by density differences

C) they are driven by temperature

D) they are driven by gravity

E) they are driven by wind

A) they are always rapid and powerful

Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

5) The ________ is the area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents.

A) pycnocline

B) topographic shelf

C) continental shelf

D) bathymetric zone

E) surface zone

C) continental shelf

6) The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ________.

A) was a global treaty signed by all oil-transporting nations

B) restricted oil movement to land rather than sea

C) required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled

D) increased gas taxes to pay for the Exxon Valdez spill

E) is not effective at altering national oil incidents

C) required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S. water be double hulled

7) What are groundfish?

A) fish that form the base of the food web of deep-water habitats

B) various species that live in benthic habitats, such as halibut and flounder

C) various species that live in littoral habitats, such as tuna and whitefish

D) various species that are found in estuaries

E) fish that are ground up and used for bait

B) various species that live in benthic habitats, such as halibut and flounder

8) Where would you find a kelp forest?

A) in an estuary

B) in a silty coastal area

C) in a salt marsh

D) along a continental shelf

E) in a coral reef

D) along a continental shelf

9) Zooxanthellae are ________.

A) an endangered species of fish in the Pacific Ocean

B) symbiotic bacteria that decompose tissues of dead animals in oceans

C) symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in oceans

D) symbiotic algae that provide corals with energy via their photosynthetic activity

E) an invasive species of kelp in the Indian Ocean

D) symbiotic algae that provide corals with energy via their photosynthetic activity

10) Which of the following is TRUE of eutrophication in marine systems?

A) It can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish.

B) It can aid corals by killing parasites.

C) It is rare and occurs only in bad weather.

D) It provides needed limiting nutrients.

E) It does not occur.

A) It can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish.

11) As water warms, it ________.

A) decreases in density

B) decreases in temperature

C) sinks

D) dissolves increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

E) becomes more alkaline

A) decreases in density

12) ________ involves the exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific.

A) The Coriolis effect

B) A La Niña event

C) An El Niño event

D) A Pacific shallow-water warming event

E) A Pacific deep-water warming event

C) An El Niño event

13) Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine organisms and food webs is ________.

A) radiation

B) oil spills

C) plastic dumping

D) overharvesting

E) abandoned fishing nets

D) overharvesting

14) Oceanographers are studying the thermohaline currents to determine whether ________.

A) ocean water is becoming more acidic

B) global climate change may slow or alter their path

C) they could be replaced with artificial currents if damaged by changing temperatures

D) warm water from polar and glacial melt is affecting the chemistry of the currents

E) fresh water is more dense than saltwater

B) global climate change may slow or alter their path

15) El Niño and La Niña events ________.

A) both decrease water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean

B) both increase water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean

C) both increase water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico

D) occur in precise patterns every 10 years

E) produce changes of opposite direction in temperature and precipitation patterns

E) produce changes of opposite direction in temperature and precipitation patterns

16) A 2003 study reported that ________% of large-bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing.

A) 10

B) 20

C) 40

D) 50

E) 90

E) 90

17) The data in the figures suggest that northeastern offshore spotted dolphins and eastern spinner dolphin populations in the eastern Pacific ________.

A) began to recover after the Marine Mammal Protection Act was passed

B) began to recover after "dolphin-safe" labeling was instituted

C) have continued declining since "dolphin-safe" labeling was instituted

D) have not recovered despite actions taken to protect them

E) are unlikely to recover unless further action is taken to prevent their slaughter

D) have not recovered despite actions taken to protect them

18) What is the most reasonable explanation for the recent trend in dolphin numbers in the eastern Pacific, as shown in part (b)?

A) Dolphins are not federally protected, and therefore their populations have not recovered.

B) Tuna fleets still catch a considerable number of dolphins as bycatch, so their numbers have not recovered.

C) Although dolphins are no longer being caught as bycatch, their populations have not recovered because fleets are now fishing for these dolphins.

D) Dolphin populations have not recovered because humans have caught much of their prey, reducing the number of fish that are available to eat.

E) Dolphin populations have not recovered because an Ebola-like pathogen has been decimating their populations.

D) Dolphin populations have not recovered because humans have caught much of their prey, reducing the number of fish that are available to eat.

19) Bottom trawling is most likely to harm ________.

A) jetliners

B) estuaries

C) coral reefs

D) the ocean's photic zone

E) sea turtles such as giant leatherbacks

C) coral reefs

20) If you are a marine biologist who wants to study organisms that are capable of chemosynthesis, where would you collect organisms for your research?

A) in mangrove forests

B) in kelp forests

C) near deep-ocean hydrothermal vents

D) in the pelagic zone

E) in estuaries

C) near deep-ocean hydrothermal vents

21) All of the following statements about mangroves are true EXCEPT ________.

A) mangrove forests are often destroyed to build shrimp aquaculture facilities

B) mangroves are adapted to growing in a salty environment

C) mangroves and kelp are usually found growing in the same area

D) mangroves protect shorelines from tsunamis and storm surges

E) mangroves have root systems that can act as snorkels for getting oxygen from the air

C) mangroves and kelp are usually found growing in the same area

22) Salt marshes are ________.

A) typically found wherever violent wave action scours a shoreline

B) found in temperate intertidal zones

C) too salty (saline) for most species found in the intertidal zone

D) typically found on remote tropical islands

E) found where mangroves grow along shorelines

B) found in temperate intertidal zones

23) Approximately ________% of the world's marine fish populations are either fully exploited or overexploited.

A) 20

B) 40

C) 50

D) 60

E) 80

E) 80

24) In 1992, the Canadian government ________.

A) ordered a ban on cod fishing

B) gave subsidies to fishermen who were losing money owing to low fish harvests

C) banned the use of trawl fishing

D) enacted laws to protect many species of whales

E) started harvesting manganese nodules from the ocean floor

A) ordered a ban on cod fishing

25) Which of the following is an example of bycatching?

A) A fishing fleet destroys a coral reef while they bottomtrawl for shellfish.

B) Canadian fishermen switch to catching capelin because of the moratorium on cod fishing.

C) A shark is captured and killed because it keeps swimming by a crowded public beach.

D) Fishermen accidentally catch sea turtles while drift netting for pelagic fish.

E) Fishing fleets surround a marine reserve and try to capture any fish entering and leaving the reserve.

D) Fishermen accidentally catch sea turtles while drift netting for pelagic fish.

26) Most present-day fisheries managers ________.

A) wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference

B) want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished

C) favor short-term solutions to marine ecosystem problems

D) favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others

E) favor taxes on commercial fishing boats

A) wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference

27) All of the following are allowed in marine protected areas EXCEPT ________.

A) the harvesting of kelp

B) the laying of fiber-optic cables

C) the installation of oil pipelines

D) oil drilling

E) fishing

D) oil drilling

28) Marine reserves ________.

A) are people responsible for policing the open ocean waters

B) are people responsible for policing the coastlines

C) are "no-take" areas in the oceans

D) provide no benefits to fishers, so are unanimously opposed by them

E) are opposed by most environmentalists

C) are "no-take" areas in the oceans

29) Red tides are caused by ________.

A) increased ocean oxygen content

B) increased ocean carbon dioxide content

C) sharks attacking harbor seals and walruses

D) the position of the moon

E) elevated nutrient levels

E) elevated nutrient levels

30) In 2006, Congress ________ to address the issue of solid wastes in oceans.

A) passed the Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act

B) passed the U.S. Oil Pollution Act

C) first established Marine Protected Areas

D) passed the Mangrove Protection Act

E) instituted the FAO

A) passed the Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act

31) In the thermohaline circulation systems, surface water is ________.

A) saltier and colder

B) cold and dense

C) less salty, less dense, and warmer

D) warm and dense

E) driven by winds from north to south

C) less salty, less dense, and warmer

32) The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation by ________.

A) adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters in the North Atlantic

B) adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the North Atlantic

C) acidifying ocean waters of the North Atlantic

D) adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters

E) adding huge amounts of dense fresh water to the deep ocean in the North Atlantic

B) adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the North Atlantic

33) Recent research suggests that ________ is now the key limiting factor in phytoplankton growth in the Gulf of Mexico.

A) sunlight

B) temperature

C) phosphorus

D) nitrogen

E) oil pollution

C) phosphorus

34) Areas of ocean upwellings are often the sites of ________.

A) high primary productivity

B) tsunamis

C) storm surges

D) sea ice and ice caps

E) tanker and cruise ship accidents

A) high primary productivity

Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not the same, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required for harvesting at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease and which consume massive quantities of fish feed. Better fish choices are farm-raised tilapia, striped bass, and sturgeon. In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because waters they inhabit usually contain high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat.

1) The main environmental problem caused by harvesting bottom-dwelling mollusks is ________.

A) removal of keystone species

B) introduction of invasive species

C) habitat destruction

D) high bycatch

E) bioaccumulation

C) habitat destruction

2) Farm-raised shrimp are NOT a good environmental seafood choice because ________.

A) shrimp farms are often associated with reduction in mangrove forest habitat

B) of the bioaccumulation of toxins

C) of high bycatch

D) trawling destroys coral reefs

E) they require high quantities of wild fish feed

A) shrimp farms are often associated with reduction in mangrove forest habitat

3) All of the following are true about aquaculture EXCEPT ________.

A) aquaculture saves on the amount of fuel required to travel to and from fishing areas

B) aquaculture helps protect wild populations from being overharvested

C) aquaculture is currently viewed as not being financially feasible

D) aquaculture can negatively affect the environment

E) salmon can be raised via aquaculture

C) aquaculture is currently viewed as not being financially feasible

4) Which of the following should be avoided because of PCB contamination?

A) mussels

B) oysters

C) wild salmon

D) tuna

E) tilapia

D) tuna

5) All of the following are issues related to the harvesting of orange roughy EXCEPT ________.

A) toxicity

B) overfishing

C) trawling

D) habitat destruction

E) high bycatch

E) high bycatch