AP Psychology Unit 3.6 Social Development

Microsystem

The immediate environment in which an individual interacts and experiences daily life, including family, peers, school, and local community.

Mesosystem

Encompasses the connections between different microsystems.

Exosystem

Settings that don’t directly involve the individual but still affect their development.

Macrosystem

The broader cultural context, including societal values, customs, and laws, that impact all levels of the environment.

Chronosystem

Changes that occur throughout an individual’s life and the timeframe in which an individual lives in.

Self-Concept

Your understanding and self-awareness of yourself; doesn’t develop until 15-18 months

Authoritarian Parenting

Unresponsive, strict rules, high expectations and obedience demanded without negotiation; result in low self-esteem, poor social skills, insecure, and misbehave without parents

Authoritative Parenting

Warm and responsive, clear rules, high expectations, and negotiation; result in higher self-esteem, better social skills (assertive with friends), self reliance, and challenge rules appropriately

Permissive Parenting

Warm and responsive, few (if any) rules, very lenient; children tend to be immature and impulsive, egocentric, and lack self-reliance (assume rules are for others)

Neglectful/Negligent Parenting

Cold and unresponsive, no rules because they’re uninvolved, and are indifferent; children tend to be impulsive, angry, anxious, rebellious, and are at a greater risk of substance abuse

Secure Attachment (sensitive, responsive mothers)

Children freely explore but are distressed when their mother leaves; seek her for comfort once she returns and prefer their mothers to strangers

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment (unresponsive mothers)

Children avoid their mom and seem unbothered by her departure; they do not seek their mother for comfort and have no preference for their mother over a stranger

Insecure-Anxious Attachment (mothers who respond unpredictably)

Children avoid strangers and are very distressed when their mother leaves, but are not comforted with their return

Disorganized Attachment (inconsistent, neglectful and/or abusive treatment)

Children do not respond to their mother in a predictable way

Temperament

Patterns of reactions; energy level, emotional excitability/responsiveness, mood, and willingness to explore

Easy Temperament

Children adapt easily, are cheerful, and are easy to soothe

Difficult Temperament

Children are slow to adapt, and are intense and challenging to soothe

Slow to Warm Temperament

Children are slow to adapt, inactive, and have low intensity