STS ONE HEALTH | Finals

One Health Approach

• Concept was created in 2004

• Design and implement programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes (WHO, 2017)

Main Working Organizations of One Health

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Components of One Health

1. HUMAN HEALTH (resilience & adaptation; individual & community well being)

2. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ( safe air, water, plant-based food, shelter, sanitation)

3. ANIMAL HEALTH (food safety & sustainability; wildlife population)

HEALTH

a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and NOT merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)

WELLBEING

describes a situation in which people are free to choose to do and be what they value

8 Dimensions of Wellness

• Emotional

• Physical

• Social

• Occupational

• Financial

• Environmental

• Spiritual

• Intellectual

Emotional

Coping effectively with life and creating satisfying relationships.

Physical

Recognizing the need for physical activity, diet, sleep, and nutrition

Social

sense of connection, belonging, and a well-developed support system.

Occupational

personal satisfaction and enrichment derived from one’s work.

Financial

satisfaction with current and future financial situations.

Environmental

good health by occupying pleasant, stimulating environments that support well-being.

Spiritual

expanding our sense of purpose and meaning in life.

Intellectual

recognizing creative abilities and finding ways to expand knowledge and skills

Health Hazards

are wellness risks which are usually expressed as probabilities/chances

Chemical Hazards

from harmful chemicals in air, water, soil, food, and human-made products.

Natural Hazards

such as fire, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and storms.

Cultural Hazards

such as unsafe working conditions, unsafe highways, criminal assault, and poverty.

Lifestyle Choices

smoking, making poor food choices, drinking too much alcohol, and having unsafe sex.

Biological Hazards

from more than 1,400 pathogens that can infect humans (pathogen is a biological agent that can cause disease in another organism)

• Bacteria

• Viruses

• Parasites

• Protozoa

• Fungi

Pathogen

a biological agent that can cause disease in another organism.

Zoonoses

diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans

60%

existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic

75%

emerging infectious diseases (including Ebola, HIV, influenza, COVID-19) have an animal origin

Infectious Disease

when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues (e.g. Tuberculosis, flu, malaria, measles).

Bacteria

single-cell organisms that are found everywhere. Most are harmless or beneficial. A bacterial disease results from an infection as the bacteria multiply and spread throughout the body

Viruses

are smaller than bacteria and work by invading a cell and taking over its genetic machinery to copy themselves.

They then multiply and spread throughout one’s body, causing a viral disease such as flu or AIDS.

VIRAL

• systematic and spreads throughout the body.

• is contagious

• CANNOT be treated with antibiotics

• eg. common colds, flu, chicken pox

BACTERIAL

• localized; stays in one part of the body

• sometimes contagious

• CAN be treated with antibiotics

• eg. strep throat, pneumonia, UTI

Transmissible Disease

• infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. “communicable”

Non-Transmissible Disease

caused by an agent/event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another. “non-communicable” (e.g. cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) diseases, most cancers, asthma, and diabetes)

Epidemic

A large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area

Pandemic

A global epidemic such as tuberculosis or AIDS

UST CoV-2 Model

Epidemiological model that predicts the future behavior of a viral pandemic by examining how it has spread in the past.

Levels of Biodiversity

1. Ecosystem Diversity | different habitats, niches, species interactions

2. Species Diversity | different kinds of organisms, relationships among species

3. Genetic Diversity | different genes and combination of genes in species

1.7 to 2 Million Species

are named and discovered

100 million species

are yet to be discovered

Philippine Biodiversity

• 3325 different species of fish can be found in Philippine waters.

• 120 are endemic

• 94 are endangered

• 5 of 7 sea turtle exist in the world are found in Philippine oceans.

• 2.3 billion dollars

• 250 Philippine Crocodiles remain in the wild

• 600 Philippine Eagles remain in the wild

Importance of sustaining biodiversity

• Provides necessary ecosystem services to sustain human life and ecosystem balance.

• Ecosystem services include:

• Supporting

• Provisioning

• Cultural and Aesthetics

• Regulating

Anthropogenic Impacts

bring about population size reductions and species extinctions.

• Hunting and over harvesting

• Habitat loss

• Pollution

• Invasive Species

• Climate Change

984

species of Philippine native plants are critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable…

the World Organisation for Animal Health

• formerly known as Office International des Epizooties)

• Mission

• • Ensures transparency in the global animal disease situations.

• • Collect, analyze, and disseminate veterinary scientific information.

• • Encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases.

• • Safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products for sanitary safety.

• • Improve and promote veterinary services.

• • Guarantee safety for food of animal origin and promote animal welfare by scientific evidence.

Environmental Health

• the neglected component of the One Health triad

Urbanization

the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

Pollution

Land, air, and water pollution from excessive and improper waste disposal

Resource Mismanagement

• Water crisis for both domestic and agricultural sectors.

• Energy poverty as the real energy crisis.

• Land governance crisis leads to congestion in cities and urban nightmare.

Climate Change

used to describe the complex shifts now affecting the planet’s weather and climate systems

National Environmental Health Action Plan

Programs

• Drinking-water supply, Sanitation (e.g excreta, sewage and septage management)

• Zero Open Defecation Program (ZODP)

• Food Sanitation

• Air Pollution (indoor and ambient)

• Chemical Safety

• WASH in Emergency situations

• Climate Change for Health and Health Impact Assessment (HIA)