M20 Lec 1 - Introduction to Microbiology

Medical Microbiology

Medical Microbiology

A large subset of microbiology concerned in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Medical Microbiology

This begins in the review of immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms.

Microbiology

Study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

Mikros

"Minute"; Size is 1 micrometer (1.0 x 10 ^-6)

Bios

"Life"

Logos

"Study of"

Digestion

One of the benefits of bacteria in human. Normal microbiota helps in _________.

Nitrogen fixation

One of the benefits of bacteria in plants.

Cellulose Digestion

One of the benefits of bacteria in animals.

Gram (+) and Gram (-)

Two classifications of bacteria.

DNA and RNA (either single-stranded or double-stranded)

Two classifications of viruses.

Yeast (unicellular) and Mold (multicellular)

Two classification of fungi.

BASIC (focuses on the microorganism and its processes) and APPLIED (focuses on the relation of microbiology to certain fields like medicine and industry)

Two Fields of Microbiology.

Carl Linnaeus (Linnaeus system)

The one who came up with the system of naming plants and animals; Is considered to be the father of modern taxonomy.

TRUE. There are two ways: (1) Italicized or (2) Underlined

TRUE or FALSE. You can write the scientific name (Genus + species) of an organism aside from the conventional italicized form.

FALSE. Scientific names can be: DESCRIPTIVE - S. aureus (bunched round and gold) AFTER ITS DISCOVERER - E. coli (discovered by Theodor Escherich

TRUE or FALSE. Scientific names are assigned based on the appearance of the organism.

Infant Fecal Samples

Theodor Escherich discovered E. coli after using his own anaerobic culture method of isolating what?

Prokaryotes

Organisms who lack nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and ERs.

Bacteria

Microscopic single-celled organisms lacking a distinct nucleus.

Archaea

A group of microorganisms that are similar to, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria.

Eukaryotes

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly-defined nucleus; has no cell wall.

Pathogen

Disease-causing microorganisms.

Bacteriology

Study of bacteria

Biotechnology

Area of biology that uses living processes, organisms, and systems to manufacture products or technology.

Environmental Microbiology

Study of how microbes interact with the environment and each other.

Food Microbiology

Study of microorganism that colonize and contaminate food; causes spoilage.

FALSE. Phenotypic information can easily be altered with physical force and is more susceptible to changes.

TRUE or FALSE. In forensics, the phenotypic description of agents recovered in a crime scene is more reliable than genotypic description.

Immunology

Comes from the Latin word, "immunis" meaning "exempted"; Focuses on how the body protects itself from infectious disease or agents.

Microbial Ecology

The relationship between microorganisms and their environment.

Molecular Microbiology

The study of molecular principles of the physiological processes in microorganisms.

Mycology

Study of fungi.

Phycology or Algology

Study of algae.

Virology

Study of viruses.

I found it!

What is the meaning of "EUREKA"

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

He is the father of Microbiology and is the first one to study protozoans and bacteria using his self-made single lens microscope.

FALSE. 50-300x

TRUE or FALSE. The approximate magnification Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used is 60-300x.

Louis Pasteur (Father of Immunology)

The one who developed a method of attenuation so that it would immunize and not cause disease; he developed the rabies vaccine; disproved spontaneous generation.

FALSE. It wasn't Koch. It was Pasteur.

TRUE or FALSE. According to Robert Koch, life can be destroyed by heat which became the basis of aseptic technique.

FALSE. Spontaneous generation means "Life from Non-Life"

TRUE or FALSE. Spontaneous generation means that the daughter cell will have the same number of cells as the mother cell regardless of how many times binary fission happened.

Francesco Redi

He made an attempt to disprove spontaneous generation by stating that maggots arise from the eggs of the flies rather than directly rotting meat.

John Needham

He tried to disprove spontaneous generation by boiling various broths. He boiled a mutant broth and after pouring it to a flask that was tightly closed, it became cloudy (turbid).

Lazzaro Spallanzani

He stated that no lifeforms should reappear of the flasks were sealed correctly. He heated broths placed in a sealed jar to which he concluded that no growth will take place as long as the flask remains sealed.

FALSE. The broth will only remain sterile if it was kept upright. Once it touches the neck, it becomes contaminated already. (Note: Hindi porket mahaba yung true or false, true na ha. nako nako)

TRUE or FALSE. In Pasteur's experimental setup, he put broth into several long swan neck (s-shaped) flasks. He placed them in different positions and orientations. In the end, he concluded that the broth will remain sterile if it only touches the neck and not spilled.

Robert Koch

He is the one who proposed the Germ theory to explain the etiology of tuberculosis. He also discovered anthrax bacillus, tubercle bacillus, and cholera bacilli. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE. One of the limitations of Koch's postulate is although it is the guideline for identification of infectious diseases, not everybody gets the same infection due to their immune system and innate genetic resistance.

FALSE. Everything is true except "broad-spectrum". Penicillin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that only works on Gram-positive bacteria.

TRUE or FALSE. In 1928, Alexander Flemming discovered the broad-spectrum antibiotic, Penicillin.

1945 (40 years after Koch got his)

What year did Flemming got his Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?

Microbiome

This consists of microbes that are both helpful and potentially harmful.

Eubiosis

A term describing a state of balance of the microbiota community.

Dysbiosis

Disruption of Eubiosis that could cause infectious and non-infectious diseases.

1. 0/0

2. +/+

3. 0/-

4. -/-

5. +/-

INSTRUCTIONS: Given the type of relationship, provide the effect on it on both organisms. They can be interchanged. Example: Commensalism --> (+/0) or (0/+)

1. Neutralism

2. Mutualism

3. Amensalism

4. Competition

5. Antagonism

1. D

2. G

3. E

4. B

5. C

6. A

7. F

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE. Antimicrobial agents inhibit cell wall synthesis and directly damage the proteins or nucleic acids of bacteria. It could also disrupt cytoplasmic membrane altering its function.

Natural

Origin of antimicrobial agents produced by microorganisms.

Semi-synthetic

Origin of antimicrobial agents where its molecules are produced by microbes subsequently modified to enhance their antimicrobial properties to render them for pharmaceutical patent.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE. Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

FALSE. Narrow spectrum antibiotics work on EITHER gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

TRUE or FALSE. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against a single organism only.

FALSE. Limited spectrum antibiotics kill or inhibit a SINGLE ORGANISM.

TRUE or FALSE. Limited spectrum antibiotics are effective in killing or inhibiting either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria.

ONE HEALTH

What is the collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach with the goal of achieving optimal health for people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.

FALSE. Since we are composed of numerous microorganisms, microbial infection is imminent.

TRUE or FALSE. We are composed of microorganisms. Thus, microbial infection is not alarming since we have many of them present in our body.