WEEK 4: BIOCHEMICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

This is the sum total of all the biochemical reactions that take place in a living organism

Metabolism

What are the 2 types of metabolism?

1. Catabolism

2. Anabolism

This type of metabolism breaks down large molecules

Catabolism

This type of metabolism is when small molecules join together to create a large molecule 

Anabolism 

This is a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product

Metabolic Pathway

What are the 4 important nucleotides?

1. Adenosine Phosphates

2. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

3. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

4. Coenzyme A (CoA-SH)

What nucleotide is an adenosine nucleoside with a phosphate group/s attached to it?

Adenosine Phosphate 

In adenosine phosphates, what bond attaches the adenosine to the phosphate?

Phosphoester Bonds

In adenosine phosphates, what bond attaches the phosphate groups to each other?

Phosphoanhydride Bonds 

In adenosine phosphates, phosphoanhydride bonds are easily broken because they are very (blank) and less energy is required to break them

Strained

What are the products of adenosine phosphates?

1. Energy

2. Hydrogen Ions

3. Inorganic Phosphates 

What is a nucleotide that is a:

• Coenzyme involved in redox reactions

• Derived from vitamin B2 

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

What is vitamin B2?

Riboflavin

What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?

FAD 

What is the reduced form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?

FADH₂

What is a nucleotide that is a:

• Coenzyme involved in redox reactions 

• Derived from vitamin B3 

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

What is vitamin B3?

Nicotinamide/Niacinamide

What is the reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)?

NADH 

What is the oxidized form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)?

NAD 

This nucleotide typically serves as an oxidizing agent in oxidizing secondary alcohols to produce ketone

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

What is a nucleotide that is a:

• Is a coenzyme that serves as an acetyl group carrier

• Derived from vitamin B5

Coenzyme A (CoA-SH)

What is vitamin B5?

Panthotenic Acid

What is the active portion of a coenzyme A?

Thiol Group

Since the CoA-SH is an acetyl group carrier, the acetyl binds to the CoA-SH by using (blank) bonds which then form (blank)

Thioester-Acetyl CoA

What are the 4 stages of biochemical energy production?

1. Digestion

2. Acetyl Group Formation

3. Citric Acid Cyle/Kreb’s Cycle 

4. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidation Phosphorylation 

Digestion starts from the (blank) and ends in the (blank)

Mouth-Small Intestine

In digestion, where does this happen?:

The salivary amylase digests the polysaccharides from what you ate 

Mouth 

In digestion, where does this happen?:

The gastric juices here digests the proteins 

Stomach 

In digestion, where does this happen?:

• This is where the majority of digestive enzymes are 

• Bile salts can also be found here responsible for emulsification 

Small Intestine 

What is the product of digestion?

Small Molecules

The small molecules produced by digestion are absorbed by the intertestinal membrane and into the (blank) where it distributes it throughout the whole body 

Blood 

This stage of biochemical energy production is where:

• It occurs in the cytosol or mitochondria 

• The small molecules produced by the digestion is oxidized to form Acetyl-CoA and NADH 

Acetyl Group Formation 

This stage of biochemical energy production is where:

• It occurs in the mitochondria

• Acetyl groups are oxidized to produce energy and CO2 

• The CO2 produced are then reduced to become NADH and FADH2

Citric Acid Cyle/Kreb’s Cycle

This stage of biochemical energy production is where:

• It occurs in the mitochondria

• The NADH and the FADH2 from the reduced CO2 produced in the Kreb’s cycle supply the hydrogen ions and electrons to power the protein pumps which then make the ATP 

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 

When we inhale, that oxygen is used in the (blank)

Electron Transport Chain

When we exhale, that CO2 came from the (blank)

Kreb’s Cycle

What is another term for citric acid cycle or Kreb’s cycle?

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

This is a series of biochemical reactions where the acetyl portion of the acetyl-CoA is oxidized to become CO2 where CO2 is reduced resulting in NADH and FADH2 

Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb’s Cycle 

How many oxidation reactions does the Kreb’s cycle have?

4

How many decarboxylation reactions does the Kreb’s cycle have?

2

What is/are the starting substances for the formation of citrate?

Oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA

What is the reaction for the formation of citrate?

Condensation

What is the enzyme used for the formation of citrate?

Citrate Synthase

What is/are the yields for formation of citrate?

Citrate, CoA-SH, and H+

What is/are the starting substances for the formation of isocitrate?

Citrate

What is the reaction for the formation of isocitrate?

Isomerization 

What is the enzyme used for the formation of isocitrate?

Aconitase 

Aconitase, an enzyme used in isocitrate formation catalyzes what reaction?

Dehydration Hydration 

What is/are the starting substrate for the formation of a-ketoglutarate, CO2, and NADH?

Isocitrate 

What is the reaction used for the formation of a-ketoglutarate, CO2, and NADH?

Oxidative Decarboxylation 

What