bio final

prokaryotes are ____ organisms without a membrane bound ____

unicellular, nucleus

Are prokaryotes monophyletic?

No paraphyletic

Which domains are prokaryotic?

Bacteria and Archaea

two types of autotrophs

photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

two types of heterotrophs

photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

the role of oxygen in metabolism is that obligate aeorbes require ___ for cellular respiration and obligate ____ are poisonsed by o2 and use fermentation or anerobic _____ to create energy. facultative anaerobes can survive with or without the prescence of ____

o2, anaerobes, respriation, o2

what type of nutrional mode are humans

chemoheterotrophs

photoheterotrophs and photoautrophs are different bc photoheterophs use ___ compounds for carbon

organic

prokaryotes are important to the enviornemnt because __ are repsosnbile for providing ___ and breaking down waste

bacteria, nitrogen

prokaryotes can be ____ bc a small amount of bacterical species can cause human disease such as lyme disease and ___ poisoning

pathenogenic, food

prokaryotes are also important to micobiome because the human intestine is the home for species of ____ and aid in ___of food

bacteria, digestion

The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell contains a single circular ____

chromosome

prokaryotes have additional DNA in ____, which are non circular, and they are exchanged during ____ and contain important genes

plasmids, conjugation

prokaryotes contain fimbrae that are thread like projections used for _____, as well as flagellum which is used for ___

adhesion, movement

the prokaryotic cell membrane is a phospholipid ___ and is impenitrable to ___ ions.

bilayer, charged

the prokayrotic cell has a capsule that is the external layer of simple ___ polymers and is _____ and helps the bacteria avoid dehydration

sugar, hydrophilic

bacterial cell membranes are made of ___ acids and achae cell membranes are made of ___ chains

fatty, isoprene

bacteria has a phopholipid ___ and archae has a phosplipid ____

bilyaer, monolayer

many archae are able to survive in their extreme environemnts because of their ____ membranes

cell

extremophiles
___ live in high saline environemnts
_____ live in very hot environments
methanogens are strict anaerobes that are poisoned by ___ and produce ___ as a waste product

halophiles, thermophiles, o2, methane

bacterial cell wall is made of a ____ which is a network of ___ polymers cross linked by polypeptides.
arcahel cell well is made of ___ and or glycoproteins and does not have a ____ like bacteria cell walls

peptidoglycans, sugar, protein, peptidoglycans

____ is not present in eukaryotic cells, its a good target for antibiotics

peptidoglycan

bacteria and archae acquire genetic material from 3 sources
1. from the ____, process called transformation
2. from ____, viruses carry bits of old host DNA which is called ____
3. directly from ____ called conjugation

environment, viruses, transduction, bacteria

transformation in prokaryotes is the incorporation of foreign ___ from the environment into a prokaryotic ___. when bacteria is under stress they become more receptive into taking in foreign ___

dna, genome, dna

conjugation in prokaryotes is when dna transfer is one way. the donor cell attatches to a recipitent by a ___ and pulls it closer and transfers the dna. piece of DNA called the ___ is needed for the production of pili. f factor is transferable during ___. conjugation in bacteria requires ___ contact

pilus, f factor, conjugation, physical

importance of organelles is that they have seperate functions within the ___ and cant be performed without the ___ membrane isolating its function. it also causes the aquisition of ___ modes, such as the mitochondria is responsible for ___ respiration and chlorplats for photosynthesis. also leads to diversity of ____

cell, plasma, nutritional, cell, eukaryotes

endosymbiotic theory is when a host cell has no ____ but is closely related to bacteria. the host cell ___ the bacterium and become a single __ cell

organelles, engulfs, united

evidence for endosymbiosis
the mitochondria have a double ___ membrane, has ___ DNA and has ___ sequences similar to DNA

plasma, circular, ribsomomal

taxonomic ranking

domain, kindgdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

the goal of modern nomenclature and systemics are to make rankings ___

monophyletic

protists are ____ and include all eukaryotes except land __, animal and ____, usually aquatic environemnts.
they have larger ___ than archae and bacteria, and they all have a membrane bound ____ and organelles
origins of multicellularity and reproduce sexually through ___

paraphyletic, plants, fungi, cells, nucleus, meiosis

first clade of protists is the opistikanta and all members have a rear facing ___ that propels them. and this includes animals fungi and ____ groups

flagella, unicellular

2nd clade is the ameobazoa that move and feed using finger like psuedoapodia. they are free living ____ that engulf other organisms, examplea are ___ molds

heterotrophs, slime

3rd clade is plantae and this includes red and green algae, etc and uses primary _____

endosymbiosis

secondary symbiosis is when an ancestral ___ engulfs a different eukaryote with ____. primary endosymbiosis is when an ancestral ____ engulfs and enslaves a ____ cynabacteria

eukaryote, endosymbiosis, photosynthetic

4th clade is excavata and it has an excavated ___ grove on the side of the cell, examples are freshwater intestinal ___ callied giardia

feeding, disease

5th clade is rhizaria and that is a ___ celled organism that lacks a ___ wall and some are secondarily ____, they are also used by geologists to date ____

single, cell, photosynthetic, fossils

6th clade is alveolata whcih means with ___, and contains ____ that support the plasma membrane, examples is a dinoflagellete which causes ___ tides due to their ___ compounds when they consume an excess amount of nutrients

cavities, alveoli, red, toxic

dinoflagellates produce a ____ to other fix and organisms and causes red tides when it consumes an excess amount of ____

toxin, nutrients

7th clade is stramenopila and this is distisnguished by hard external ___ and includes water molds and brown ___. it contains flagella with ____ projections and is secondarily photozynthetic. ex are ___ forests which provide ecosystem services by providing a ___ for aquatic life and being the base of the ___ chain and acting as an energy source

hairs, algae, hollow, kelp, habiat, food

name 7 clades/superkingdoms - o arepas

opistakanta, amebazoa, plantae, excavata, rhizaria, alveolata, and stramenopila

what makes a plant a plant
land plants are ____ and are photosynthetic organisms with hard cell walls thats composed of ____ that live on land

mulitcellular, cellulose

eukaryotes are ___ plants

land

plants are indispensable and provide ____ services which derive any human directly or indirectly, and they provide for 50% of earths ___ through photosynthesis. plants also build and hold ___ and soil and plants are also considered primary ____

ecosystem., oxygen, water, producers

plants act as food, __ , fiber and ___ materials

fuel, building

land plants have a waxy __ and stomata. waxy cuticle covers plant tissues and reduces ____. gaurd cells regulate the opening of the ____ and exposure of unwaxed air to tissue

cuticle, dessication, stomata

bryophytes are an informal non ____ group of non ___ plants such as moss

monophyletic, vascular

vascular plants have vascular tissue which are cells that are specilzed in conducting ___ and nutrients.
also contains lignin which is a complex polymer built from 6 ___ rings that provides structure in ___ and makes things woody
vascular plants also have roots

water, carbon, stems

seedless vascular plants are a grouping of vascular plants without ___. these plants have a dominant ___

seeds, sporophyte

the alternation of multicellular ____ and ___ forms is known as alternation of generations

diploid, haploid

gametophyte is a multicellular __ form which produces gametes through ___. sporophyte is multicellular ___ form which produces haploid spores cells through ___

haploid, mitosis, diploid, meiosis

a spore is a single ___ cell thst divides mitotically to form a multicellular _____

haploid, gametophyte

gametophytes produce ____ by mitosis
sporophytes produce ____ by meiosis

gametes, spores

following stages in order starting with zygote...

sporophyte, spore, gametophyte, gamete

zygote is the inital cell in which the ___ cell develops (feritlized egg)
zygote then develops into the ____ via mitosis and forms a ___ cell, then sporophyte develops into haploid ___ by meiosis. it then develops into the gametophyte through ____ and they develop into ____ whihc then becomes the zygote through _____

diploid, sporophyte, diploid, spores, mitosis, gametes, fertilization

seed plants have ___ and seeds:
gymnosperm "naked seed" which has no ___ or ___
_____ is an enclosed seed that contains both fruit and flowers

pollen, fruit, flowers, angiosperm

4 divisions of gymnosperms

gingkos, cycads, conifers, gnetophytes

gymnosperms produce ___ and ____ spores and become female and male ____

male, female, gametophytes

pollen is the male ____ and allows for long distance sexual repreoduction in the absence of ___ medium. its covered by sporopollenin and it doesnt ____ (dry out), it is also a ____ structure

gamteophyte, aqueos, dessicate, multicellular

female gametophyte is the __ sac and is fertilized to form a ____

egg, seed

advantages of seeds is that they are a ___ embryo with packaged nutrients, and allows for____ by wind and animals

sporophyte, dispersal

steps in seed life cycle
fertilization of egg by ___ to form a diploid zygote
the zygote develops into a ____
the sporophyte develops into a ____
the tree/seed produces male (_____, haploid) and female (______, haploid) spores by _____.
micro and mega spores develop into _______ (m= pollen, f= egg sac)
the sperm in the pollen fertilize the egg of the female ____ sac

sperm, sporophyte, seed, micro, mega, meiosis, gametophytes, egg

angiosperms 2 adaptstions

flowers and fruit

flowers are adaptative and specialized for ___ reproduction and are pollinated by animals. it requires the production for less ____

sexual, pollen

fruits are adaptative and contain a mature ____. fruits protect ___ and aid in their dispersal and can be carried by water and wind

ovary, seeds

the diversification of angiosperms led to diversification of ____

insects

fungi can be both ___ and _____

unicellular, multicellular

an example of unicellular fungus is ___
multicellular fungi form ___ (underground network) from hyphae
hyphae are seperated by ___ in dikarya

yeast, mycelia, septa

what makes a fungus and fungus?
cell wall made of ____ which is a strong polymer that protects ___ cells
extracellular ____

chitin, fungal, digestion

fungus are more closely related to ____ than plants

animals

4 lifestyles of fungus

saprobic, parasitic, predatory, and mutualistic

saprobic lifestyle is when they feed on ___ and dead material

decaying

parasitic lifestyle can change the host ___ and parasitize plants and animals

behavior

predatory lifestyles is when fungus can capture small insects through ___ substances on the ____ wall

sticky, cell

symbiotic mutualism when two species are in close association and both parties _____, example is ___ (fungus + cyanobacterium). this is an inclusive ___.
fungus benefits from products of photosynthesis, while cynaobacterium benefits from protective ____

benefit, lichen, taxon, environment

4 groups of fungi

chytrids, zygomycoata, ascoymycota, basidomycota

chytrids are a ____ group that are ___ celled and aquatic. they have motile sperm and ____and are responsbile for amphibian crashes.

paraphyletic, single, spores

glomeromycota members form ___ which forms a symbiotic ___ with plant roots
amf recieves ___ from plant roots, and plants get access to soil ____. they are thought to be ancestral to land plants. they do not have a ____

amf, mutualism, sugar, nutrients, septa

dikarya are made of ___ and ___
ascomycota is __ fungi and basidiomycota is ___ fungi

ascomycota, basidiomycota, sac, club

dikarya are ___ species that contain septa between cells. dikaryotic is having two ___ haploid hyphae of different mating types fuse through _____ to form dikayrotuc cells. eventually nuclei fuse through karyogomy to form ___ nucleus

multicellular, nuclei, plasmogamy, diploid

ascoymcota is ___ fungi includes yeasts and molds. the shared derived trait is the _____, which is the cell in which ___ occurs, producer of penicilliin

sac, ascus, meiosis

basidiomycota is ____ fungi or true fungi and includes mushrooms and puffballs. they are edible but _____. the shared derived trait is _____ and meiosis also occurs in this cell

club, poisonous, basidium

The sexual reproductive structure of sac fungi (Ascomycota) is the ____ , which is a sac that encases the ascopores, or _____.
The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi (Basidiomycota) are pedestals called ____, which hold up the basidiopores, or ____.

ascus, spores, basida, spores

what makes an animal an animal?
its a ____ organism, heterotropic, motile and lacks ___ walls and has extracellular matrix of ___

mutlicellular, cell, protein

porifera are the _____, they are multicellular and have no true ____.
they are ___ which means they live at bottom of aquatic environments.
they are sessile which means adults are permanntely attatched to ____.
they are also filter feeders
they have chonaocytes which are flagelleted cells that trap ___
also contain spicules that are spikes of ___ carbonate that provide ____ support to the extracellular matrix

sponges, tissues, benthic, substances, debris, calcium, structural

cnidaria include jellyfishes and corals and they posses true _____.
they are dibploplastic which have two layers of germ tissues: ____ and____
they have cnidocytes that are stinging cells that contain ___

tissues, endo, ectoderm, toxins

Radial symmetry : useful for (_____) lifestyle in which ____ is collected from all directions•
Bilateral symmetry: allows for the specialization of ____ parts, useful for more ____ modes of life.

sessile, food, body, active

Biletarians have ______ symmetry. they are triploblastic , whcih has ____ germ layers in developing embryos. they have a complete digestive system (___ and _____)• Many have body _____ (coelom)

bilateral, 3, mouth, anus, cavities

Protostomes: First opening in embryo becomes the ____, mouth develops from a _____
Deuterostomes: first opening in embryo becomes the ____, anus develops from balstapore

mouth, blastapore, anus

two clades of protostomes

Lophotrochozoans and Ecdysozoans

Lophotrochozoans are named after lophopore which is a cilitiated ring of ___ around the mouth, and tropophore is a type of ___ stage

tentcacles, larval

Ecdysozoans have external ___ or exoskeleton and grow by ____

cuticle, molting

mollusca are part of the _____ and include snails, clams and squids, they have a foot, visceral mass which is the region that contains most of the internal ___ and gils. A mantle is outgrowth of body wall that covers the ____ mass and creates a hard calcium shell

Lophotrochozoans, organs, visceral

Ecdysozoans have two major clades

nematods and arthropods

Nematodes (round worms) are _____ worms with thick cuticle and no ____
Arthropods (insects, spiders, scorpions,) _____ animals with jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton•
Segmentation is the division of the _____ into a series of similar structures.structures.

unsegmented, appendages, segmented, body

______ are the most species rich group of eukaryotes over a million described species

insects

Arthropod Body Plan: ____ and _____
Segmentation is division of the ____ along the central axis into a series of _____ structures.
Tagmatization is the specialization of _____ regions into cohesive ______ or morphological units. Example: Head, Thorax, and Abdomen of Insects.

segments, tagma, body, similar, body, function

_____ and _______ allow for specialization of body parts

segmentation, tagmatization

Duetrostomes have two clades

echindermata and chordata

echindermata is ___ symmetric and has a ___ carbonate internal skeleton. it contains a ___ vascular system which controls the movement of _____ thru the body and feet. also have ___ feet which are elongated fluid filled appendages

radially, calcium, water, water, tube