Pesticides and Transgenic Crops Final

List four types of pesticide labels discussed in class. Using no more than 5 words for each, define each label.

24(c): additonal use/method label

Special Local Need (SLN): where other pesticides cannot work

Section 3: federal label

Section 18: emergency situation label

What is a restricted use pesticide?

A pesticide, usually more concentrated than general use, not available to the general public, and requires certification to be applied (can also be applied under the supervision of someone with a certification). Need to wear PPE

What is meant by, "the label is the law"?

It is a violation of federal law to use pesticides in a way not described on the label. A pesticide label is admissible in a court of law. Follow the directions on the label and use only as advised on the label; this is the safest method to pesticide application.

DF

Dry flowable pesticide formulation

WDG

Water-dispersible granule pesticide formulation

inert ingredient

Any substance in a pesticide formulation having no pesticide action

formulation

Way a pesticide is prepared for practical use

carrier

Inert liquid or solid added to an active ingredient to prepare a pesticide formulation

ME

Microencapsulated pesticide formulation, usually AI + plastic polymer + emulsifiers

suspension

Mixture of fine solid particles in a liquid

flowable

Very finely ground solid material suspended in a liquid

surfactant

Increases the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading and wetting properties of a formulation

soluble

Dissolves in a liquid

volatilization

Movement of pesticide due to low vapor pressure

EC

Emulsifiable concentrate pesticide formulation

diluent

Any liquid or solid material used to dilute an active ingredient. In liquid formulations, water or oil is used; in dry formulations, talc, clay or other fine dust is used

fumigant

Gaseous pesticides usually packaged under pressure and stored as liquids

active ingredient

Chemicals that are responsible for the pesticidal effect

Define the oral LD50 range for each of the following caution words:

Caution, Danger, Warning, None required

Danger Poison: highly toxic, <50Caution: moderately toxic, 51-500Warning: slightly toxic, 501-5000None required: not toxic, >5000I am pretty sure the unit for this is ppm

List three reasons why pesticides are formulated? (from Dr. Grey's lecture)

crop safety

lorsban

trade name

common name

chlorpyrifos

chemical name

O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate

List the three primary agencies that regulate pesticides in the United States.

EPA (Environmental Protective Agency)State Local Agencies (State Department of Agriculture)Fish and Wildlife

List three uses of a pesticide that are NOT consistent with the label, but are NOT ILLEGAL.

-using less pesticide than advised on the label (unless explicitly stated)-using fewer applications than advised on the label-using additional personal protective equipment (PPE) or application methods not explicitly prohibited

Which of the three primary laws is the primary law that governs labeling of pesticides?

List three ILLEGAL uses of a pesticide.

-applying to unapproved pests without a Section 24(c) or Special Local Needs approval

-deliberatly using the incorrect application method

-applying more pesticide/applying pesticide more frequently than advised on the label

Explain the quote, "The dose makes the poison". How is this related to our equation for "HAZARD"?

hazard = dose x risks"The dose makes the poison" means that just because a chemical is dangerous does not mean it is dangerous at that quantity/concentration. The biggest factors in assessing a poison is the dose applied to a body and the weight of that body. This relates to hazard because depending on the dose of a chemical, the risks of that chemical may be more evident, which equates to hazard.

chronic toxicity

Effects occur appear after repeated low doses

acute toxicity

Effects appear after single exposure within 24 hours.

toxicity

Capacity or ability of a pesticide to cause injury or illness

toxin

Naturally occurring

mics/kg

Parts per billion

LC50

measure of toxicity with regards to air or water

toxic

Containing or being a poisonous material

toxicant

Any toxic substance

mg/kg

Parts per million

LD50

Toxicity with regards to amount ingested

List three studies that must be completed in order to receive clearance from the EPA for registration of a pesticide.

-soil testing

-risk assessment data

-groundwater leaching studies

oncogenicity

the propensity of a chemical to cause tumors

mutagenicity

the propensity of a chemical to cause genetic mutations

carcinogenicity

the propensity of a chemical to cause cancers

fetotoxicity

the propensity of a chemical to cause harm to a fetus when the mother is exposed

Define a tolerance and residue (as used in pesticide regulation).

tolerance- defined by the EPA; the maximum amount of a chemical allowed on a crop

residue- defined by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration); the amount of a chemical found on a crop when tested

According to Dr. Sparks, what is the greatest sin in pesticide storage?

storing pesticides in food containers

Consider the following statement:

To set a tolerance, the company sprays a pesticide as much as they want, then measures the residue present, and the level detected is usually where the tolerance is set.

Comment on whether this statement is relatively accurate, complete, or misleading and justify/support your answer.

The statement is accurate at the beginning, because companies apply a pesticide excessively to simulate a maximum application of the pesticide. However, the statement following is inaccurate because the tolerance is set so there are no observable negative effects or environmental effects. The tolerance is set by the EPA but the residue is measured by the FDA and is independent of the tolerance.

List the three primary laws under which pesticides are regulated in the United States.

FQPA (Food Quality Protection Act)FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act)FFDCA (Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act)

What does "LD50" mean?

The median lethal dose of a chemical when ingested; this is set on a bell curve so that 50% of the population is expected to die at a given concentration of a chemical.

Process where pesticide moves into the air due to low vapor pressure is called?

volatilization

What is the best method of getting rid of a pesticide?

As discussed in class, what are the four general purposes of a pesticide storage facility? AND Give an example of facility design that falls under each category.

-maintain stable temperature, usually 40-70 F (heater, HVAC)

-collect drainage/spillage (sump pump/sump pit)

-prevent leaching into ground (impermeable floor)

-avoid direct sunlight (dark room with electricity and artificial light)

Which two soil components are the most absorptive for pesticides?

organic matter and clay

Dissipation of pesticides due to light breaking down the molecule is called?

photodegradation

What is a NOAEL (what does the acronym stand for and what does that mean)?

What three safety factors (reason/issue and level) are applied to the NOAEL when setting a tolerance?

How do these safety factors interact (additive, etc.)?

NOAEL is "no observable adverse effect limit" and is the level at which a chemical causes no unreasonable harm to a person or the environment.Infants and children, 10x; risk to mammals, birds, fish, 10x; risk to groundwater (?), 10xthere is a 10x increase for each factor added, they multiply

Caffeine has an LD50 of 190, Glyphosate (RoundUp) has an LD50 of >5000. There is little public debate over danger from caffeine and much debate over danger from glyphosate, despite lack of scientific evidence. From what you learned in the lecture on toxicity and hazard, can you explain specifically (and briefly) why this might be? Consider the two types of toxicity and the definition of hazard.

The dose is the poison is a huge considering factor here. Yes, the LD50 of caffeine is 190, but this is also a chemical that is intended to be ingested orally whereas glyphosate is not. In order to reach that quantity of caffeine in a dose, the human body would need to intake a great deal of fluid that would likely be excreted before the LD50 is even reached. The danger with glyphosate comes with chronic toxicity dangers, since it has been reported to have long term effects, whereas caffeine is acute toxicity-- namely, heart palpitations and headaches within 24 hours of ingestion.

Considering the Ames Mutagenicity Test, please briefly explain

1) the purpose and why it is used,

2) the methodology,

3) the controversy that developed.

1) the Ames mutagenicity test was developed to test mutagenicity of chemicals in a bacterial DNA system. Mutagenicity does not equate carcinogenicity, but it is a good indicator of a chemical's ability to be a carcinogen potentially2) the chemical in question is applied to a petri dish filled with media low in histidine, and then cultured. If the culture shows a great deal of revertants, the chemical is likely to be a mutagen. A control plate is also used to compare the chemical to a known non-mutagen3) Ames was originally revered for developing the test, but over time people believed him and the test to be corrupt since the test showed that natural foods/materials were just as likely if not more likely to have mutagens in them. Ames then went on to defend chemical companies and say that they did not make carcinogens or mutagens

Which of the following will INCREASE droplet size?

decrease spray pressure

increase nozzle size (flow rate)

Under the GPA formula approach to calibration, if you have 12 nozzles on a 12 foot boom, what is your nozzle spacing?

12 inches

Which of the following formulas is correct?

GPM = (GPAMPHW)/5940

When spraying, we could reduce fines by always spraying with nozzles that primarily produce Course droplets. Why is this NOT always an acceptable solution?

Sometimes you need to ensure that a pesticide spreads evenly (i.e. with fine droplets) for instances of contact-acting pesticides or a pervasive pest issue. Coarse droplets are not as evenly dispersed so they are only appropriate for situations where the pesticide can be applied more specifically or the sprayer can ensure it acts on the plant/pest appropriately (as in translaminar application).

List the four "general" systems in insects that are targeted by insecticides. I am NOT asking for specific MOAs. (Do NOT list unknown)

nerve/musclegrowthmetabolic/respiratorymolting

If you catch one nozzle and you catch 32 oz in 30 sec, what is the GPM?

30 sec x 2= 1 minute, 32 oz x 2= 64 oz64 oz = gpm

convert to gallons

What is a Mode of Action? (as defined by IRAC)

the mode of action is the means by which a chemical acts upon a particular system of an organism (i.e. reproduction, molting, nerve and muscles). This is usually accomplished through interrupting the biochemical pathways of the target organism. Different chemicals act upon different systems (as in groups) or work on smaller components of the same systems/work in different ways on the same systems (as in subgroups).

For a broadcast application with:

12 foot boom with 8 nozzles, driving at 4 mph, spraying at 10 gpa

pesticide rate of 5 oz/ac

100 acre field

How much total spray is needed? and

How much pesticide is needed?

Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists mortality

Slow (likely 3+ days)

Group 21: Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors mortality

Moderate (likely 2 to 3 days)

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel blockers mortality

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 9: Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators mortality

Slow (likely 3+ days)

Group 28: Ryanodine receptor modulators mortality

Moderate (likely 2 to 3 days)

Group 22: Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers mortality

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 16: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 mortality

At molting

Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators mortality

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors mortality

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient mortality

Moderate (likely 2 to 3 days)

Under the 1/128 acre approach to calibration, if you have 12 nozzles on a 12 foot boom, what is your nozzle spacing?

1 foot

In the 1/128 acre calibration approach, if it takes you 35 seconds to travel the required distance, how do you complete your calibration?

with a backpack sprayer

If you have an "8004" TeeJet nozzle, what do the numbers tell you about that nozzle? (Don't forget about the pressure)

What is IRAC (what do the letters stand for) and what do they do (relative to our lectures)?

Insecticide Resistance Action Committee; they organize insecticides into 39 groups based on mode of action with subgroups corresponding

What does "Volume Median Diameter" (VMD) mean?

There is an equal volume of liquid in droplets larger than and smaller than the VMD

When spraying, we generally wish to eliminate "fines".

Why?

Not receiving fines is an incentive to spray pesticides through coarse droplets. Spraying with coarse droplets reduces drift and potential environmental damage, as well as protects endangered species. The practice of eliminating fines is not only to save the spraying compnay money but also to protect the surrounding natural environment.

Group 9: Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators speed of action

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 22: Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers speed of action

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists speed of action

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors speed of action

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel blockers speed of action

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 28: Ryanodine receptor modulators speed of action

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 21: Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors speed of action

Moderate (likely 2 to 3 days)

Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators speed of action

Fast (generally hours to one day)

Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient speed of action

Moderate (likely 2 to 3 days)

Group 16: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 speed of action

At molting

If you are making a broadcast application with tapered spray tips, which is worse - too little or too much overlap? WHY?

Group 22: Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers affects

Adults and Immatures

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel blockers affects

Adults and Immatures

Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors affects

Adults and Immatures

Group 16: Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 affects

immatures

Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists affects

immatures

Group 9: Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators affects

adults and immatures

Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient affects

adults and immatures

Group 21: Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors affects

Adults and Immatures

Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators affects

adults and immatures