Chem U1: Chemistry of Baking

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Atom

Building blocks of matter, defined by the # of protons.

Element

A pure substance made up of only one type of atom.

Compound

Matter of two or more atoms chemically bond together in fixed ratios.

Mixtures

More than one element or compound, non-chemically bonded together, retaining their individual chemical properties.

Homogeneous

a mixture that has a uniform composition, with no visible phase.

Heterogeneous

a mixture that consists of visibly different phases, where the composition is not uniform throughout.

Kinetic molecular theory

A theory that describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in constant motion; All matter is made up of small particles, all particles have kinetic energy, and kinetic energy is proportional to temperature.

Solid

Particles are closely packed together in a fixed position, vibrating, and no compression.

Liquid

Particles are close together but can move more freely, no fixed shape, can not be compressed.

Gas

Particles move freely, no fixed shape, forces of attraction between particles is weakest, can be compressed.

Law of conservation of mass

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed. Total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products.

Melting point

The point in temperature which a solid changed to a liquid form, when the intermolecular forces are overcome allowing particles to move freely.

Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas, occurring when the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.

Paper chromatography

A technique used to separate mixtures of different solutes in a solvent, where the mixture is dissolved in a solvent. The solutes then moves through the stationary phase in different rates due to difference in solvation.

Distillation

A separation technique of liquid mixtures by using difference in volatility/boiling point.

Solvation

Separation of heterogenous mixture of two solids, based on difference in solubility, where one of the substance is soluble in a solvent.

Vaporization

Separation of a mixture that has a solute dissolved in a solvent, where the solution is heated and the solvent evaporates leaving the solute behind.

Filtration

Separating insoluble solid from liquid. Filtrate is the final liquid, residue is the solid taken out.