FCS 101- Human Development and Family Science Exam 2

Genotype

sum total of all the genes a person inherits

Phenotype

the features that are actually expressed

Punnet Square

homozygous= 2 of the same alleles

heterozygous= combination of alleles

Dominate genes will be expressed, while recessive are only expressed in the absence of a dominate gene

Genetic Counseling

refers to a service that assists individuals identify, test for, and explain potential genetic conditions that could adversely affect themselves or their offspring

Monozygotic (Identical twins)

occur when a fertilized egg splints apart in the first two weeks of development

about 1/3 of twins are monozygotic

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two separate sperm

ectopic pregnancy

occurs when the zygote becomes attached to the fallopian tube before reaching the uterus

Allostatic Load

fight or flight response, if happening consistently the body will be using many organs and will put a strain on our bodies

What is a midwife?

a health care provider who specializes in women’s reproductive health, including pregnancy, birth, and postpartum care

What is a pregnancy Doula?

a trained professional who provides physical, emotional, and informational support to pregnant people and their partners throughout the pregnancy, labor, and birth process

“Age of Viability”

the first chance of survival outside the womb, about 22-26 weeks

Synaptic Blooming

the period of rapid neural growth

Synaptic Pruning

where neural connections are reduced thereby making those that are used much stronger

Neuroplasticity

the brain’s ability to change, both physically and chemically, to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury

Polyphasic sleep in Newborns

the infant is accumulating the 16.5 hours of sleep over several sleep periods throughout the day

What are the risks of Co-Sleeping?

How might (sleep) culture impact those risks?

Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID): sudden infant death syndrome, unknown cause, accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed

sleep on floor mats and other hard surfaces which minimize the suffocation that can occur with bedding and mattresses

Cephalocaudal

development that occurs from head to tail

Palmar vs. Pincer Grasp

Palmar Grasp: grasping an object involves the use of fingers and palm but not thumb

Pincer Grasp: the use of the thumb comes about 9 months of age when the infant is able to grasp an object using the forefinger and thumb

Benefits of High Contrast Toys/Arts for infants

It makes the pattern more visible to the immature visual system of the child, normal children can only see 20/400 then they are young

WHO Breastfeeding guidelines

Imitation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth

exclusive breastfeeding for the first six month of life

introduction of solid foods at six months together with continued breast milk up to two years of age or beyond

Colostrum

the milk produced during pregnancy and just after birth, has been described as “liquid gold”. Packed with nutrients and other important substances that help the infant build up his or her immune system

Assimilation

which they evaluate and try to understand new information, based on their existing knowledge of the world

Accommodation

they expand and modify their cognitive structures based on new experiences

Infantile Amnesia

the inability to recall memories from the first years of life

How does culture impact first words in infants/toddlers?

some cultures have children be taught to notice actions and relationships between objects (Chinese), while other children may be taught to name an object and its qualities (US)

Temperament

the innate characteristics of the infant, including mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity, noticeable soon after birth

Goodness-of-fit

meaning their styles match and communication and interaction can flow

Bidirectionally of Parenting

not only do parents affect their children, children influence their parents

Trust vs. Mistrust

highlights the importance of attachment. Erikson said the 1st year to a year and a half of life involves the establishment of trust

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson believed that toddlers should be allowed to explore their environment as freely as safety allows and, in doing so, will develop a sense of independence that will later grow to self-esteem, initiative, and overall confidence

Attachment Styles and the Strange Situation

the Strange Situation Technique is conducted in a context that is unfamiliar to children and therefore likely to heighten children’s needs for their parent

Secure Attachment Style: explores freely when the caregiver is present, heavily interacts with caregiver and stranger

Ambivalent (resistant) Attachment Style: wary about the situation in general, especially to the stranger, clings to caregiver

Avoidant Attachment Style: avoid or ignore caregiver, showing little emotion, run away from caregiver, will not explore

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Style: have inconsistent way of coping with stress of the strange situation, may cry during seperation, but avoid caregiver when they return

Gross Motor Skills

larger movements, involve whole body

develop after fine motor skills

Fine Motor Skills

small actions fine=fingers

usually develop first

Benefits of Diverse Diets in Young Children

improved health over the life course, can contribute greatly to a child’s health and risk of obesity during this stage of life and future stages, taste preferences

Sexual Development in Early Childhood (Typical vs. Signs of Abuse)

Typical: anatomically accurate language, genital touching/masturbation, curiosity about their body or other’s bodies (sometimes sexual play)

Signs of Abuse: more interested in sexuality than other things in life, large age-gap in sexual play, bribing/coercive or forceful sexual behavior, causing harm to genitals, drawings indicate preoccupation

Safe/Unsafe touch

Safe touch: self-stimulation, curiosity about the body and about others’ bodies, showing their genitals, masturbation

Unsafe touch: bribing,

Egocentrism

children believe that things happen because of them and they don’t understand that people have different perspectives

Theory of Mind

begins to grow in complexity around 4

ability to understand others’ perspectives, values, motivations, biases

Types of Play

Non-social play: unoccupied, solitary, onlooker. Younger children usually engage in non-social more than those older

Social play: parallel, associative, cooperative. By age 5 children are usually using associative and cooperative

Initiative vs. Guilt

sense of ambition and responsibility developed by starting their own activities, social interactions or play

Toxic Stress

term coined by pediatrician Jack P. Shonkoff of the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University to refer to chronic, excessive stress that exceeds a child’s ability to cope, especially in the absence of supportive caregiving from adults

Benefits of involvement in organized sport during middle childhood

higher satisfaction with family, higher quality of life in children, improved physical development, improved emotional development, improved academic performance

Working Memory

capacity of working memory expands during middle and late childhood, increase in both processing speed and the ability to inhibit irrelevant information from entering memory are contributing to the greater efficiency of working memory during this age

Memory Strategies

examples of strategies: rehearsing information you wish to recall, visualizing and organizing information, creating rhymes, or inventing acronyms. Percent of children who use these strategies go up as they grow older

Metacognition

usually not until 6+, what you are learning and what you are not, thinking of how you are thinking

Industry vs. Inferiority

sense of pride and accomplishment in schoolwork, sports, social activities and family life. Ability to finish and achieve, comparison to peers

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

1. Preconventional Morality: self-interest, pursue rewards and avoids costs

2. Conventional Morality: what gains (dis)approval of others, what is the law?

3. Postconvetional Morality: higher, universal ethical principles, that may not be reflected in laws/norms. Concern for others, society as a whole

Popular-prosocial children

kids who can become popular by being friendly/kind

popular-antisocial children

kids can be popular by spreading rumors or bullying