Botany Exam 1

Heterotroph

consumers; cellular respiration

Ex: fungi, mammals

Autotroph

Producers; photosynthesis

ex: plants

Relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic life

Exchange CO2 and Oxygen in the atmosphere

Issues for plants when transitioning from water to land

less tolerant to disturbance; they dry out from lack of water or drought; they lack nutrient intake and structure; their water intake performance decreases

Land to Water: Plant Adaptations

roots, vascular tissue, leaves and stems with waxy cuticles

Biome

large, distinct areas with specific climate, soil, and vegetation, that influence plant and animal inhabitance

Ecosystem

community of living organisms; their interaction with each other and their physical environment

Cells

building blocks of plants

Taxonomy

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Cladogram and Phylogenic tree

Diagram describing relationships between different groups of clades; evolutionary history between species and taxa

Node

Points where lineage splits into evolutionary paths; indicate a common ancestor

Clade

group of organisms with a common ancestor; including each organism’s descendants

Character

Any observable feature or trait of an organism

Taxa

Represents the LEVELS of organization within a hierarchical system of classification

Root System

A system that uptakes water/nutrients/minerals, and stabilizes the plant

Shoot System

above ground system. involved in photosynthesis, reproduction, and transportation

Dermal Tissue System

outer protective system of the plant; first line of defense against environmental stresses; makes the epidermis

Vascular Tissue System

system that transports water/nutrients/minerals throughout the plant; ‘plumbing system’; 2 main types of vascular tissues: xylem and phloem

Ground Tissue System

System that plays crucial role in storage, support, photosynthesis. Three main types of tissues that make up this system: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Parenchyma Tissue

versatile ground tissue with thin walls; wound healing

Collenchyma Tissue

simple tissue that gives structural support to young and growing plants; prevent breakage

Sclerenchyma Tissue

mature, thick and rigid cell walls that provide structure

Xylem

Key structure responsible for the upward transport of water, minerals, and nutrients from the roots

Tracheids

Water-conducting cells in xylem; lacks preforations

Vessels

Xylem cells; perforations allow for rapid and effective movement of water and minerals

Phloem

Transports sugar (food) produced during photosynthesis from leaves DOWNWARD, other parts of the plant

Composed of companion cells, sieve elements or sieve tube cells

Sieve Elements, Sieve Tube Cells, and Companion Cells

Sieve Elements and Sieve tube elements - Specialized plant cells involved in nutrient transport in the phloem

Companion Cells - Act as "companions" to assist sieve tube elements in nutrient transport

Epidermis

Outermost layer of living cells covering plant surfaces ex: leaves, stems, roots

Provides protection and regulates water absorption

• Often covered by a waxy cuticle for additional protection

Guard Cells

Specialized cells in plant leaves that control the opening and closing of stomates (outside of stomata)

Stomates

Tiny pores on the surface of plant that facilitate in the diffusion of CO2

Trichomes

Hair-like structures on the surface of plant parts

Reduces water loss and reflects excess sunlight

Periderm

Protective tissue; replaces epidermis in older stems and roots of woody plants

Cork Cells

in periderm; produce a protective layer that becomes dead at maturity; in woody plants

Meristems

Regions of plant tissue where cells divide and differentiate

Responsible for the growth and development of plants

Two Types: Primary and Secondary

Primary Growth Meristems

Apical, Vertical Growth

In tips of roots and shoots

Secondary Growth Meristems

Lateral, In axils of leaves

The two main meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium

Vascular Cambium

Production of secondary xylem and phloem, leading to an increase in the plant's girth or thickness

ex: Formation of wood

Cork Cambium

Produces cork cells, which replace the epidermis in older stems and roots (woody plants)

Botany

Scientific study of plants

Taproots

A main and singular root that is vertical with lateral root branching

Gymnosperms

Vascular seed-producing plants that do not produce flowers

Ex: Conifers, seeds are in the cones they produce

Magnoliids

A class of flowering plants, flowers usually in multiples of three

ex: Magnolia tree

Eudicots

Class of flowering plants with 2 seed leaves in their embryos

ex: Roses, Sunflowers, Tomatoes

angiosperms

flowering plants

Fibrous roots

Many thin roots that are equal in size and do not have a prominent central root

ex: Monocot roots

Monocot

Class of flowering plants with 1 seed leaf in their embryos

ex: bananas, grasses, palms

Feeder Roots

uptake water/minerals; roots 4-7x farther than leaf canopies; surface areas for photosynthesis and absorption; growth even if shoot is dormant

Vascular Cylinder

Central column of vascular tissues; found in roots of vascular plants

Includes xylem/phloem tissues and is responsible for the transport of water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant

Primary Vascular Tissues

Early-formed vascular tissues that either transport water/nutrients/ minerals

Types: Primary phloem, protoxylem poles, metaxylem

Primary Phloem

Early-formed phloem tissue responsible for the transport of SUGARS to leaves for photosynthesis or nutrients

Protoxylem poles

Early-formed xylem tissue of water and minerals. Gives initial structural support.

Metaxylem

Later-formed xylem tissue that is thick. Transports water and minerals. Provides a more developed structure

Pericycle

Plant tissue inside endodermis, that originates from the procambium

First to develop lateral roots; nonvascular

Special Root: Aerial Roots

Roots that are exposed to the air all/most the time

Some have chlorophyll and can photosynthesize

Special Root: Fleshy Roots

Very thick roots that store food to help feed the whole plant system

Enlarged storage organs ex: potatoes and carrots

Apical Meristem Architecture

Regions that divide cells and turn into tissue for primary growth at the tips of roots/shoots

ex: totipotency

Totipotency

The ability of a cell to differentiate into any type of cell, creating the whole plant

ex: propagation of plants from plant tissue pieces

Stem Structure

Main structure of a plant that supports and transports

Cylinder of discrete strands - arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem

Growth rings - vascular cambium adds layers to xylem/phloem -forms rings that represent age

Scattered Distribution

Scattered arrangement of vascular bundles

Monocots and some herbaceous plants are scattered

Stem Epidermis

One cell layer thick

Cortex- support plant, and store starch

Collenchyma- in young stems for flexible support

Parenchyma - simple plant tissues with diverse functions

Procambium

tissue that differentiates into phloem, xylem, and vascular cambium

development of vascular tissue in stem

Storage root function

Protects plants from heavy metals/ pollutants and creates foods in the ground