Studied by 1 person
3 Sisters
The Europeans started to eat these (corn, beans, and squash) which allowed them to survive during early colonization
Maize
Another name for corn
Asiento Systen
A system which required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas. This allowed the Spanish to import cheap labor
Columbian Exchange
The Transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases, between the natives of America and the Europeans, end of the age-old separation of hemispheres
Bartolome de Las Casas
Was a Spanish priest that advocated for better treatment of the Indians. He established the basic arguments on behalf of justice for the Indians.
Sepulveda
He argued that Indians were less than human and benefitted from serving the Spanish
Pueblo Revolt
This was a “sucessful” uprising, also known as Pope’s rebellion, of most of the indigenous people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe, present day New Mexico. They were able to push the Spanish out, albeit no for the long term
Charter
This is a written grant by a country’s government, by which an institution (or in this case, a colony) is created and its rights and privileges defined
Joint Stock Company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors
Jamestown
1607— Virginia company sponsored English colonization in this part of Virginia. Englishmen didn’t want to work/build the colony. This was the first permanent English settlement. It was a swampy area, hard to grow crops, and there was disease and disputes with Indians. Once women arrived, tobacco was planted, and the colonists established trade with the Indians, the colony survived.
John Rolfe
He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the colony of Virginia and know as the husband of Pocahontas
John Smith
He is usually credited with saving Jamestown by forcing the settlers to work, plant crops, and build shelters when the just wanted to search for gold
Predestination
Those who believed in this idea, John Calvin, believed that before creation God determined the fate of the universe throughout all of time and space. In colonial times they believed
Plymouth
William Bradford and Miles Standish were the early leaders of this colony, which remained small and relied on fish, fur and lumber as the foundation of their economy
John Winthrop
One of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, one of the most well-known for is “City on a Hill” speech, which talks about the colony being a model society
Separatists/Pilgrims
These Religeous dissenters of the Church of England believed that it could be reformed and thus wanted to organize a separate church independant of royal control that did not have Catholic influences. They fled to America and settled in Plymouth
Puritians
This group of moderate dissenters believed the Church of England could be reformed. Because they were being persecuted, they gained a royal charted and settled in Massechusetts Bay
Salem Withch Trials
This event really did not burn thousands alive like you thought, but still, 19 innocent people died, and was an important cause that brought light to gender roles and social class differences in early Massachusetts. Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake
House of Burgesses
1619— The government of Virginia formed: it was the first legislative body of electedrepresentatives in colonial America. Later other colonies adopted this type of government
Mayflower Compact
This was an early form of colonial government drawn up by the pilgrims pledging to honor the will of the majority. It was based on self-government and a rudimentary Constitution
Lord Baltimore
Funder of Maryland that set it up as a safe haven for Catholics
Act of Toleration
As protestants began to outnumber Catholics in Maryland, they adopted this law that granted religious freedom to all Christians, But… if you denied the divinity of Christ, the penalty was death
Indentured Servants
This was a labor system whereby young people entered into a contract with a landowner who paid for their passage to the new world and in return, they worked for a specific amount of time, usually 4-7 years
Headright System
In this system, 50 acres of land were given to each immigrant who paid for his passage or plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage. This allowed some to amass vast amounts of land as well as the laborers to work it and encouraged the Virginia colony to attract more colonists
Bacon’s Rebellion
A movement by western Virginia settlers because the were angry at the governor for trying to appease the Native Americans (secretively because he was trading furs with them) when the Native Americans were attacking the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. It was another dysentery death but more importantly, led to use of slaves for labor along with illustrating 1. sharp class definition between wealth planters and food farmers and 2. colonial resistance to royal control
Berkley
He was the governor of Virginia during Bacon’s rebellion. He adopted the policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the “backcountry”. His shortcomings led to Bacon’s Rebellion
Roger Williams
He founded Rhode Island, which was different because it recognized the American Indian rights to their land and paid them for it, and allowed freedom of worship to all Catholics, Quakers, and Jews
Anne Hutchison
She believed in antinomianism, the idea that faith alone, not deeds, was necessary for salvation. She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through church elders and was forced to leave Massachusetts and died in an Indian uprising. Also criticized the Church and believed women could also be prominent leaders in the church
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
This was the first constitution written in America and set up a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature
Halfway Covenant
This applied to those members of the Puritian colonies who were children of the Church members, but who had not achieved grace themselves. The idea was to expand church membership and involvement. This allowed them to participate in some church affairs
New England Confederation
In 1640 a group of colonies formed this alliance to protect themselves from the American Indians, the Dutch, and the French. It lasted about 40 years, but more importantly, set a precedent for colonial cooperation and unified action towards a common purpose
King Philip’s War/Metacom’s War
This was one of the “last stands” of the Native Americans against the colonists encroaching on their lands. Their leader was able to unite many tribes and thousands were killed on both sides, but in the end, the colonists won, and the “king” was killed
Quakers
They settle in Pennsylvania and believed in an “inner light” and pacifism. They also supported equality between the genders and do not pay their clergy
Holy Experiment
In this experiment, William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a religious refuge for the Quakers as well as other religeous groups. he advertised political, religeous freedom and land to attack settlers, and came to the colony to supervise
Mercantilism
This economic policy based a country’s strength on its accumulation of wealth and trade. It’s goal was for a country to be self-sufficient by regulation of trade and production
Acts of Trade of Navigation/Navigation Acts
These established rules for colonial trade, like all goods had to pass through England and goods had to be transported on English or colonial built ships. Certain goods (tobacco at first) could only be exported to England
Dominion of New England
The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a loyal governor (Andros). Andros made himself very unpopular by levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles
Slave Laws
A set of statutes passed throughout the colonies to keep African Americans in bondage for life. Racism was soon integral to the colonies
Triangle Trade
The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean. In the Carribean, the slaves were traded for sugar or molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses was used to make rum
Stono Rebellion
One of the earliest known organized acts of rebellion against slavery in the Americas. On September 9th 1739, Carolinian slaves gathered to plan an armed march for freedom. They planned to flee to Spanish held Florida, but it failed
Great Awakening
Puritianism had declined by the late 1730s. This was a movement in the 1700s characterized by fervent expressions of religeous feeling among the people. Think of it as religeous revival
Jonathan Edwards/”Sinners in the Hands of and Angry God”
He believed individuals must be saved through God’s grace through repentance. He was well known for his fire and brimstone preaching in the Great Awakening, talking about everyone being a sinner and God being mad
George Whitefield
He was known for delivering sermons that stressed God’s omnipotence. Although he did not give the famouse “Sinners” sermon, he preached a similar doctrine, including the idea that ordinary people with faith and sincerity could understand the gospel without ministers
“Old Lights” vs. “New Lights”
These were names given to those who supported the teachings of the Great Awakening and those who condemned it
Zenger Case
Although it did not guarantee freedom of press, it encouraged news papers to take greater risks in criticizing a colony’s government
Enlightenment
This European movement believed in the use of human reasoning instead of religion to solve humanity’s problems. Many of the ideas that emerged from this movement were the basis for the American Revolution and Constitution
John Locke
He wrote that all human beings have a right to the “natural gifts” of life, liberty, and property and that governments exist to protect those rights. He wrote Two Treaties of Government and assured that sovereignty (who had the power) ultimately resides with the people not the state (government), and that people had the right to overthrow government that did not protect their rights
Town Meetings
This was the way former of local governments in the New England colonies, were religious, white, male property owners would gather to directly vote on public issues
City on a Hill
John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritian model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives
Albany Plan
This was coordinated by Benjamin Franklin to have an intercolonial council to secure recruitment of troops and taxes for the French and Indian War. It didn’t work well at this time but set a precident for later Revolutionary congress
Treaty of Paris 1763
Ends the French and Indian War, gives Brittian control over most of North America
Salutary Neglect
This was the policy of leaving colonies alone and not interfering with their political and economic systems. This set a precedent that made the colonists upset when Britain changed it and started taxing and regulating them after the French and Indian war
Pontiac’s Rebellion
This was the first major test to new British imperial policy. After the French and Indian war, American Indians were mad because colonists kept moving west. An alliance of Native Americans burned forts and settlements. This rebellion led to the Proclamation of 1763
Stamp Act
British legislation passed which required that all illegal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills; deeds; and contracts; had to be marked and taxed. It was the first direct tax to be “felt” by the common man and it was so unpopular that it caused riots. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports caused by the non importation movement, Parliment eventually repealed it
Sons/Daughters of Liberty
This was a radical “secret” society at first formed for the purpose of intimidating tax agents. They incited riots and burned the customs house where stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committiees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition of British policies towards the colonists
Declatory Act
Passed while the Stamp Act was repealed, the act declared that the Parliment had the power to tax and make laws for the colonies and had absolute power of the colonies legislatures. Kind of like saying, even though you got us to repeal the Stamp Act we can still do what we want with the colonies
Townsend Act
This taxed colonial imports and used money to pay the salaries of the royal officials in the colonies. This also allowed for the search of suspected smugglers’ homes with a general license instead of a search warrant. The colonists did not like this
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
Written by John Dickinson arguing no taxation without representation. He said that Parliment could regulate commerce, but duties were taxed and needed approval from colonial assemblies (which wasn’t going to happen)
Boston Massacre
THe colonists didn’t like it much that British troops were in Boston. A group of colonists started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British troops; the soldiers ended up shooting into the crowd killing 5 colonists. This outraged the colonists and fueled a propaganda campaign. John Adams defended the soldiers
Boston Tea Party
The colonists were mad. Britain is trying to help the British East India Company out of its financial problems and makes the cost of tea cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea. Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawks and dumped tea into the harbor
Coercive/Intollerable Acts
The King is mad at Boston and passes these acts to try to bring the unruly colonists back under control. They include things like closing the Boston harbor, making people house British troops in their homes, and letting bad British officers be tried in Britain and not in the colonies
Lord North
Prime minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. You don’t need to know the exact years, but that he led Great Britain through most of the American war of Indepence (and most of those menacing taxes)
Virtual Representation
The idea that the colonists were represented in the Parliment because that’s how it was in Britain. This would be different than direct representation than what the colonists thought of as representation
Sovereignty
This concept determines who has the power and control. “We the people” in the constitution
First Continental Congress
This was the first time the colonists met to figure out how to respond to Britain’s new tax policies. At this point they do not want independence; they just want to put things back to how they were before the Seven Years War
Suffolk Resolves
Called for an immediate recall of the Intollerable Acts, and for the colonists to resist them by making military preparations and boycotting British goods
Lexington and Concord
These were the first battles fought in the Revolutionary War. Colonial militias were attempting to seize supplies and the British were trying to stop them
Second Continential Congress
They adopted the Declaration of Causes and Necesities for taking up arms and called on the colonies to provide troops, led by Washington. They tried to both wage war and seek peaceful settlement
Thomas Paine
He wrote Common Sense. This publication was on January 1st 1776, to encourage the colonists seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the revolution
Olive Branch Petition
A petition to King George asking him to help the colonists out and intervene with the Parliment. He dismissed the plea and declared them in rebellion
Patrick Henry
The famous Anti-Federalists said, “Give me liberty or give me death”
British Impereal System
The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of aquiring and holding colonies
Declaration of Independence
Statement adopted in 1776 by the Continental Congress that announced the Colonies as independent states. Jefferson wrote about life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Loyalists/Torries
Supporters of the British troops and loyal to the Parliment in the Colonies
Saratoga
Turning point battle that led France helping the colonists in the Revolutionary war
Yorktown
This was the last major battle of the Revolutionary war
Treaty of Paris 1783
This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor loyalist property claims
Articles of Confederation
This delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to individual states, but left the federal government the power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. Proved to be weak and was replaced by the constitution
Northwest Ordinance
This was one of the successes of our first consitution and set up a system for adding new states to the Union, along with setting aside money from the public land sales for public education
Shay’s Rebellion
Poor, indebted land owners in Massachusetts were mad about taxes and and sending people to prison for debt. The federal government was too weak to help Boston remove the rebles, a sign that the Articles of Confederation wasn’t working properly
Abigail Adams
During the Revolutionary war, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America’s women in the new government he was helping create
New Jersey Plan
This plan during the constitutional convetion proposed allowing equal representation for all of the states, regardless of size or population
Virginia Plan
This plan during the constitutional constitution proposed allowing representation for all of the states based on population
Great Compromise
This agreement ended up with the Senate and the House of Representatives and settled the representation debate and the Constitutional Convention
3/5 Compromise
The agreement between the Northern and Southern states regarding representation and taxation of slaves in the Constitution. It also stipulated and end to the slave trade in 1808
Federalist Papers
This was a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in favor of ratification of the constitution
Anti Federalists
This is the group that opposed the ratification of the Constitution, primaritly because it lacked a bill of rights
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments of the constitution
Hamilton’s Finantial Plan
Bank of the US, Excise taxes, funding at Parliment, Assumption of state debts, Tarrifs
Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality
A formal announcement issued by a US President George Washington on April 22, 1793 that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain
Citizen Genet
French Minister to the US that broke all the rules by speaking directly to the people and asking them to support the French Revolution
Jay’s Treaty
John Jay went to Britain to ask for an end to impressment. He came back with an agreement to pay our remaining debts from the Revolutionary War and Britain agreed to take its forts off the Western front
Pinckney’s Treaty
This secured the use of New Orleans from Spain in 1795. They offered it to us because they were worried we were getting too friendly with Britain
Treaty of Greenville
This is where we recognized that the Native Americans’ land was theirs in the Ohio river valley. In return, we promised to “protect” them. Really, they ceded their own territory to the US and we kept moving west
Whiskey Rebellion
Group of farmers that didn’t want the excise taxes imposed by Hamilton’s Financial Plan and got mad, attacking tax collectors. Washington sent a whole bunch of people to shut it down, and it proved to some people that the Constitution was better
Washington’s Farewell Adress
Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations
French Revolution
This foreign event was supported by mainstream Americans although most were disgusted with the violent executions and mistreatment of prisoners
XYZ Affair
A delegation to Paris to discuss impressment of sailors and were told they had to pay money to meet with officials. We got mad
Alien and Sedition Acts
This act passed under Adam’s administration made it illegal to say or write anything against the government. It was a violation of Freedom of Speech, but since the federalists were in power they let it slide
Kentuckey and Virginia Resolutions
These were written by Thomas Jeffereson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition acts. They introduced the idea of nullifying federal laws that the states believed to be unconstitutional
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