UTWB Final Review

The lining of the abdominal cavity is called

parietal peritoneum

the lining of abdominal organs is called

visceral peritoneum

What is connecting peritoneum (tissue that connects parietal and visceral) called?

mesothelium

The external abdominal oblique muscles run:

caudo-ventrally

The internal abdominal oblique muscles run:

cranio-ventrally

The rectus abdominis runs:

cranio-caudally

The transverse abdominis runs:

dorsal-ventrally

The cutaneous trunci is common in ______ and used as _______

large animals (cattle)

“twitch muscle” to remove flies/irritants

Origins and insertions of external abdominal oblique

Origin: costal arch and thoracolumbar fascia

Insertions: linea alba and prepubic tendon

Origin and insertions of internal abdominal obliques:

Origin: tuber coxae, thoracolumbar fascia

Insertion: costal arch, linea alba, prepubic tendon

Origin and insertions of rectus abdominis:

Origin: xiphoid process

Insertion: prepubic tendon

Origin and insertions of transversus abdominis:

Origin: lumbar vertebrae, last ribs, thoracolumbar fascia

Insertion: linea alba, prepubic tendon

The rectus sheath is made up of an internal sheath that is formed by:

transversus abdominis

The rectus sheath is made up of an external sheath that is formed by:

aponeurosis of the external and internal abdominal obliques

Arteries of the cranial dorsal abdominal quadrant:

Abdominal artery → phrenic artery → cranial abdominal artery

Arteries of cranial ventral abdominal quadrant:

Internal thoracic → cranial epigastric → cranial superficial epigastric

Arteries of caudal dorsal abdominal quadrant:

Abdominal aorta → deep circumflex iliac → caudal abdominal artery

Arteries of caudal ventral abdominal quadrant:

Abdominal aorta → external iliac → femoral → pudendoepigastric trunk

Pudendoepigastric trunk → caudal epigastric

Pudendoepigastric trunk → external pudendal → caudal superficial epigastric

These arteries are the most superficial supplying skin/mammary glands and need to be considered for ligation:

Cranial and caudal superficial epigastric arteries

T13 nerve is called:

costoabdominal nerve

L1 nerve is called:

cranial iliohypogastric nerve

L2 nerve is called:

Caudal iliohypogastric nerve

L3 nerve is called:

Ilioinguinal nerve

L4 nerve is called:

Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve

L1 nerve in cattle:

iliohypogastric

L2 nerve in cattle:

ilioinguinal

L3 nerve in cattle:

genitofemoral

Name for proximal paravertebral nerve block in ruminants:

alpha or farquharson

Name for distal paravertebral nerve block in ruminants:

beta or magda method

Easiest block to use in ruminants (dont have to palpate nerves):

Inverted L block

Name of compartment between spine and rectum:

Pararectal fossa

Name of compartment between rectum and sex organs:

Rectogenital pouch

Name of compartment between sex organs and bladder:

Vesicogenital pouch

Name of compartment between bladder and pelvic floor / parietal peritoneum:

Pubovesical pouch

Right kidney location in dogs:

T13 to L2

Left kidney location in dogs:

L1 to L3

The right kidney is hard to visualize because it is recessed within _____

caudate lobe of liver

Cats have ______ present on the surface of their kidneys

capsular veins

The kidney cortex has a _____ appearance due to presence of glomeruli and convoluted tubules

granular

The kidney medulla has a ____ appearance due to presence of collecting ducts

striated

Cattle has a primitive kidney with _____ cortices that form ______

unfused

lobes

In cattle the unfused cortex and medulla forms ______

renal / medullary pyramids

What is the renal crest?

Inner margin of the medulla where ducts empty into the renal pelvis

Pigs have a ____ cortex but ______ medulla, meaning they have ______

fused

unfused

medullary pyramids

Dogs and cats have “false pyramids” what does this mean?

A medial cut of kidney reveals no pyramids but a sagittal cut may show pyramids

Explain the vasculature of medullary pyramids

The renal artery splits into interlobar arteries that run between each medullary lobe, they then divide into arcuate arteries that run transverse at corticomedullary junction, they give off interlobular arteries into the cortex

The renal pelvis is the:

terminal dilated part of the ureter within the kidney

The pelvic recesses are:

extension of renal pelvis into medulla on both sides of the renal crest

The renal sinus is:

the fat filled space surrounding the renal vessels and ureter

Which lateral view is preferred for visualizing kidneys and why?

Right lateral because it limits superimposition of kidneys

Dog kidney size compared to L2?

2.5 - 3.5x length on VD

Cat kidney size compared to L2?

2.4 -3x length on VD

Right kidney location in cat:

L1 to L3

Left kidney location in cat:

L2 to L4

Does the bovine kidney have renal crests and renal pelvis?

No it has major and minor calices instead

Renal papillae (pyramids) in cattle are drained by:

minor calices

The minor calices are drained by cranial and caudal collecting ducts called:

major calyces

The major calyces in cattle join to form:

the ureter

What is significant about the positioning of porcine kidneys?

they are at the same level (T14 to L4)

Do pigs have calices?

Yes! They have minor calyces that drain into 2 major calyces

The major calices of pigs drain into:

the renal pelvis

The right equine kidney is located:

T16 to L1

The right kidney of a horse has a _____ shape

heart

The left equine kidney is located:

T17 to L2

The left kidney of a horse has a _____ shape

L shape (or 6 or bean)

The equine kidney is unique because its papillary ducts empty into _____

2 terminal recesses

In horses the terminal recesses carry urine from duct/medulla to the _____

renal pelvis

What branches off the interlobular arteries into the cortex?

Afferent arterioles

The afferent arterioles enter the glomerulus and divide to form capillaries, when they recombine they form _____

efferent arterioles

The efferent arterioles provide a second capillary system when they branch into ______

peritubular capillaries

The peritubular capillaries provide oxygenated blood to the _______

juxtaglomerular zone (aka the convoluted tubules within cortex)

What and where are pars convoluta?

The convoluted tubules of nephron found in cortex

What and where are pars radiata?

The collecting duct radiating out of medulla into the cortex

What are medullary rays?

Another word for pars radiata; collecting ducts radiating out of medulla into cortex

Juxtamedullary vs cortical nephrons:

Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle than penetrate further into medulla

Cortical nephrons are shorter loops of henle

Which animals will have larger amounts of juxtamedullary nephrons vs cortical nephrons?

Camels, horses (any animal that needs to retain lots of water)

The vasa recti supply blood to:

entire medulla (loops of henle and collecting ducts)

What is the bowman’s space?

Space between glomerulus and bowmans capsule

What is the vascular vs urinary pole of the glomerulus?

Vascular is where afferent artery enters and efferent exits

Urinary pole is where the proximal convoluted tubule begins

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule has what type of epithelium?

Simple squamous

The visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule surrounds the _______ and contains many ______

glomerulus

podocytes

What is collected in the Bowman’s space?

Pre-urine filtrate

How much of what is filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed?

99%

Which arteriole of the glomerulus is larger/wider?

Afferent arteriole

What are podocytes?

Cells that surround the glomerular fenestrated capillaries, forming a filtration slit that acts as a barrier

What are the 3 parts of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Endothelium (fenestrated endothelium of capillaries)

Glomerular basement membrane

Podocytes

What do mesangial cells do?

Hold the capillary tuft in place, connect the DCT to the vascular pole, and produce ECM

The PCT has ______ endothelium with lots of ______

simple columnar

microvilli

The loop of Henle has _______ endothelium

simple squamous

The DCT has ______ endothelium and no ____

simple cuboidal

no microvilli

How much absorption occurs in PCT? (Helped by microvilli increasing surface area)

65% (especially water and sodium)

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Connection between DCT and afferent arteriole

The DCT has macula densa cells which are sensitive to _____

chloride ions (GFR!)

The afferent arteriole has juxtaglomerular cells that produce _____

renin

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (DCT and afferent arteriole) is stabilized / connected by:

mesangial cells

What type of endothelium lines calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter?

Transitional epithelium

What are some endocrine functions of the kidneys?

Production of erythropoietin

Balance of Ca/P for bone production/resorption

Activation of 25-hydro-vitamin D to D hormone

Production of renin

What part of the kidney is most affected by hypoxia?

Medulla (less perfusion)

What part of the kidney is most affected by toxins?

Cortex (higher perfusion)

What are the 2 capillary beds within the nephron?

Glomerulus

Peritubular network