English Final 22-23

Vocab, literary terms, and Atticus's speech

Incredulous

Incredulous

Unwilling or unable to believe something

Sanction

A threatened penalty for disobeying the law

Extricate

Free (someone or something) from constraint or difficulty

Chafe

Make sore by rubbing against

Raucous

Making or constituting a disturbingly harsh or loud noise

Condescend

Showing feelings of superiority

Obstreperous

Noisy and difficult to control

Guilelessness

Not sly or tricky, innocent

Innate

Inborn, natural

Inconspicuous

Not suspicious, blending in with

Illicit

Forbidden by laws, rules, or customs

Unfathomable

Incapable of being fully explored or understood

Contentious

Likely to cause arguments, controversial

Perpetrate

Carry out or commit

Ingenuos

Innocent and unsuspecting

Puerile

Childishly silly and trivial

Nefarious

Wicked or criminal

Pulchritude

Beauty

Illustrious

Well known, respected, and admired for past achievements

Attrition

The action or process of gradually reducing strength through sustained attack or pressure

Adroit

Clever or skilled in one’s use of hands or mind

Acrimonious

Angry and bitter

Preemptive

Serving or intended to preempt or forestall something, especially to prevent attack

Scathing

Witheringly scornful; severely critical

Disjointed

Lacking a coherent structure or connection

Thesis

Last sentence of an introductory paragraph that presents your argument

Topic Sentence

A sentence that presents the main idea of a paragraph

Claim

What is trying to be argued; ex. Social media is bad for the mental health of teens

Evidence

Information used to support the claim

Rhetorical Question

A question that is asked to get someone thinking and is not meant to be answered

Synonym

Words with the same meaning

Transition words

Words used to get between points or ideas in writing

Tone

The author’s attitude towards his or her subject

Comma splice

When a comma combines two independent clauses (run on sentence)

Ethos

Using the credibility of a source in an argument

Pathos

An appeal to emotion in an argument

Logos

An appeal to logic in an argument

Counterclaim

An argument that goes against the claim

Rebuttal

An argument that is used to explain why the counterclaim is invalid or weak

Sentence Fragments

Incomplete sentences

Theme

The underlying message an author conveys to the reader

This case is as simple as black and white.

Similie

“The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence

Evidence and logos

The defendant is not guilty, but somebody in this courtroom is.

Claim

“…which she has done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt. I say guilt, gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her…”

Repetition

she has merely broken a rigid and time-honoured code of our society

Evidence and ethos

she was no child hiding stolen contraband

Metaphor

she struck out at her victim—of necessity she must put him away from her—he must be removed from her presence, from this world. She must destroy the evidence of her offense.

Evidence

“What was the evidence of her offense?…. What did she do?”

Rhetorical questions

She tempted a Negro.

Ethos - moral claim

She was white, and she tempted a Negro.

Evidence

She did something that in our society is unspeakable: she kissed a black man.

Logos

“…but there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led most exclusively with his left.”

Evidence and logos

We do know in part what Mr. Ewell did: he did what any God-fearing, persevering, respectable white man would do under circumstances—he swore a warrant, no doubt signing with his left hand, and Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken the oath with the only good hand he possesses—his right hand.

Logos

The witness for the state, with the exception of the sheriff of Maycomb County, have presented themselves to you gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the assumption—the evil assumption—that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption that one associates with minds of their calibre.

Repetition and parallelism

a lie as black as Tom Robinson’s skin

Similie

some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women

Using parallel structure and repetition to prove a point

Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal.

Allusion and claim

“But there is one way in this country which all men are created equal—there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man equal of an Einstein, and an ignorant man equal of any college president.

Allusion and metaphors

“…In the name of God, do your duty.”

Conclusion and ethos - appealing to their moral code