BIO Lab Practical 2

What were the two main activities during the Heart Lab?

Exploring heart structure via models/diagrams and recording/interpreting an ECG/EKG.

What are the three primary cardiovascular parameters explored in this lab?

Blood pressure (BP), Pulse, and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).

What are the two main areas of focus regarding the lymphatic system in this lab?

Gross anatomy using models/diagrams and microanatomy of lymphatic organs.

What are the two divisions of the respiratory cycle?

Inspiration (inhalation) and Expiration (exhalation).

What is the fundamental rule for airflow in the body?

Air flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

What is the relationship between the volume and pressure of a container?

There is an inverse relationship; increasing volume decreases pressure, and decreasing volume increases pressure.

What serves as the 'container' for the lungs?

The thoracic cavity.

How does the body generate airflow?

By changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to create pressure differences.

Which muscles contract during inspiration at rest?

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

What happens to thoracic cavity volume and pressure during inspiration?

Volume increases and pressure decreases.

Do the lungs actively participate in changing their own volume during breathing?

No, the lungs themselves have nothing to do with creating the pressure changes.

Which muscles relax during expiration at rest?

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

What happens to thoracic cavity volume and pressure during expiration?

Volume decreases and pressure increases.

What physical property of the lungs aids in expiration?

Elastic recoil.

Is expiration always a passive process?

It is usually passive, but muscles can be used to decrease chest volume more quickly.

generalized blood vessel flow

heart --> arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> heart

blood pressure is the highest...

arteries

blood pressure is the lowest...

veins

endothelium

innermost lining of blood vessels

which vein is it common to draw blood

median cubital vein

what is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

It carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.

what is pulse?

alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur within each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle

What is blood pressure

force of blood against arterial walls

what blood vessel of the arm is used to take BP measurements?

brachial artery

how to calculate mean arterial pressure?

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure (systolic bp - diaastolic bp)

how to calculate cardiac output?

heart rate x stroke volume

why is the lymphatic system a one way system?

fluid flows in one direction, has one way valves, return system only, do not have complete circulation

what is the function of lymphatic vessels?

carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

what is lymph?

a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.

what factors allow the flow of lymph?

skeletal muscle contractions and tissue hydrostatic pressure

cisterna chyli

an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system

right lymphatic duct

receives lymph from the right upper part of the body

where are lymph nodes clustered?

cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

four processes that must occur in order for the respiratory system to fulfill this role

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

largest laryngeal cartilage

thyroid cartilage

structual and functional units of the lungs...

alveoli

flow of air through respiratory system

nostril, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, main (primary) bronchi, lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

type of cartilage found in the trachea

c-shaped cartilage

- lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

groups of alveoli

alveolar sacs

airway that leads from the respiratory bronchioles into the alveolar sacs...

alveolar duct

the right lung is....

shorter, liver is in the way

tidal volume

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing, normally about 500 mL.

inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume with maximum effort, typically about 3,000 mL.

expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume with maximum effort, about 1,200 mL.

residual volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum voluntary expiration, typically 1,300 mL.

vital capacity

The maximum ability to ventilate the lungs in one breath, calculated as ERV + TV + IRV (4800 mL).

inspiratory capacity

The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume (3600 mL).

functional residual capacity

The sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume (2400 mL).

total lung capacity

The sum of residual volume and vital capacity (6000 mL).

minute ventilation

tidal volume x respiratory rate (L/min)

respiratory rate

number of breaths/delta T x 60 "min"

tonsil stone

mineralizations of debris within crevices of the tonsils, can cause bad breath and pain

plasma cells

Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.

cytotoxic t cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

helper t cells

T cells that help the immune system by increasing the activity of killer cells and stimulating the suppressor T cells