BIOL311 Lecture Exam 3

What are the categories of ecosystem services?

• Regulating services

• Supporting services

• Cultural services

• Provisioning services

What are regulating services?

• Pollination

• Pest control

• Population regulation

What are provisioning services?

• nutrition

• biomedical: model organisms for understanding our own biology

• therapeautics

What are supporting services?

• seed dispersal

• decomposition

What are cultural services?

• culture

• bioindicators

• recreation

What is mimicry?

The close resemblance of an insect (or part of one) to another insect, animal, plant, or inanimate object

• model

• mimic

What is Batesian mimicry?

• Palatable mimic with unpalatable model

• Most stand type of mimicry

What is automimicry?

• Part of Batesian mimicry

• mimicking part of yourself

• eye spots, antennae

What is Mullerian mimicry?

• several unpalatable species evolve to look similar

• reinforces unpalatability

Order the orders by diversity

• Coleoptera: 392,400

• Diptera: 160,600

• Lepidoptera: 158,600

• Hymenoptera: 155,500

• Hemiptera: 104,200

• Orthoptera: 24,500

• Trichoptera: 15,200

• Blattodea: 8600

• Thysanoptera: 6100

• Odonata: 6000

• Neuroptera: 5900

• Psocodea: 5700

• Plecoptera: 3800

• Ephemeroptera: 3100

• Phasmatodea: 3100

• Mantodea: 2400

• Siphonaptera: 2100

• Dermaptera: 2000

• Mecoptera: 800

• Zygentoma: 600

• Strepsiptera: 600

• Archeognatha: 500

• Embiodea: 500

• Grylloblattodea: 500

• Megaloptera: 400

• Raphidioptera: 300

• Zoraptera: 45

• Mantophasmatodea: 23

Coleoptera habitat

• almost everywhere

• partciularly well-adapted to subcortical habitats (beneath bark of dead trees) and fungi

Coleoptera feeding

• >50% phytophagous or saprophagous

• all types of strategies

• madibulate mouthparts

Coleoptera pupae

adecticous, exarate

Coleoptera adaptations

• elyra

• spiracles adapted to xeric habitats

• cryptoneprhidial system, conserves water

Carabidae

Adephaga

Feeding: predaceous

Habitat: geophiles, hydrophiles, arboreal, diurnal and nocturnal

Adaptations: chemical defense (bombardier beetles)

Dytiscidae

Adephaga

Feeding: predaceous

Habitat: aquatic

Adaptations: air bubble in subelytral cavity, natatorial legs, suction disks for copulation

Gyrinidae

Adephaga

Feeding: predaceous

Habitat: aquatic, surface of water, highly gregarious

Adaptations: divided compound eyes,, erratic swimming motion

Hydrophilidae

Feeding: predaceous, omnivorous

Habitat: aquatic, adults might leave water

Adaptations: antennae and air bubble, doggy paddle, stridulate

Staphylinidae

Adaptations: short elytra, complex folding, highly mobile abdomen, myrmecophilous, termitophilous

Feeding: predaceous or saprophagous

Habitat: leaf litter, decaying wood, fungi

Scarabaeidae

Feeding: phytophagous, dung feeders

Adaptations: myremecophilous

Elateridae

Feeding: phytophagous

Habitat: decaying wood, foliage

Adaptations: clicking mechanism, bioluminescence

Coccinellidae

Habitat: foliage

Feeding: predaceous, classic bio control

Adaptations: overwintering aggregations, feign death

What is biological control?

Using one organism to control the spread/population of another

Tenebrionidae

habitat: decaying wood, subterranean, ground, lights

feeding: phytophagous, pests

Adaptations: xeric habitats, elytral fusion, cyrptonephridial system

Meloidae

Feeding: phytophagous or non feeding, pests

Habitat: foliage

Adaptations: cantharidin (allomone)

Cerambycidae

Feeding: phytophagous, saprophagous, minor forest pests

Habitat: logs, forests,

Chrysomelidae

Feeding: phytophagous, serious pest

Habitat: foliage

Curculionidae

Feeding: phytophagous

Adpatations: stridulation, snout, some silk production

Strepsiptera

Feeding: endoparasites of other insects

Habitat: hymenoptera, hemiptera

Adaptations: dimorphism, female wormlike, male free lving

Hymenoptera sex determination mechanism

Arrhenotoky (haplodiploidy)

Symphtya

Feeding: phytophagous

Habitat: foliage

Adaptations: female deposits eggs in tissue of host plants

Primitive aprocrita (parasitoidic wasps)

Feeding: parastioids, phytophagous or predaceous

Adaptations: needle like ovipositor, specific host, snatched waist

More advanced aprocrita (solitary bees and wasps)

Feeding: phytophagous or predaceous

Adaptations: some parental care, sting

Eusocial aprocrita (social wasps and bees)

Feeding: predaceous, phytophagous, omnivorous

Adaptations: eusociality

Ichneumonidae

Feeding: parasitoids

Habitat: holometabola

Braconid

Feeding: parasitoids

Adaptations: polyembrony

Chalcedoidea

Small, fig wasps

parasitoidic, phytophagous, gall makers

polyembryony

Altruism

Sacrificed reproduction in favor of enhancing reproductive potentials in another individual of the species (family group), determined by coefficient of relationship

Formicidae

Feeding: lots, predaceous, omnivorous, phytophagous, mycetophagous

Habitat: all eusocial, some nomadic

Adpations: bio control, cleptotectonic, social parasitism

Vespidae

Feeding: zoophagous

Adaptation: sting, aposomatic coloration

Spheciformes

Habitat: solitary, nest in the ground

Feeding: zoophagous

Apiformes

Feeding: secondarily phytophagous (pollen, nectar, oil)

Habitat: eusocial, colonies

Adaptations: honey

Mecoptera

Habitat: moist areas with lush vegetation (forests), some on snow

Feeding: predaceous, saprophagous

Adaptations: genital bulb, material gift, first to colonize body

Siphonaptera

Feeding: ectoparasites of mammals and birds

Adaptations: intermittent parasites, can go extended periods without feeding, 2nd wingless, reudced eyes, antennae, flattened bilaterallly, leathery body, saltatorial legs, PLAGUE

Culicidae

Feeding: nectar (males), blood (females), crepuscular, nocturnal

Culicidae diseases

Malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, west nile virus

Chironomidae

Feeding: non feeding or on nectar, crepuscular

Adaptations: very important in aquatic food chain, short lived, cryptobiosis (dry up)

Tabanidae

Feeding: blood, nectar, diurnal

Adaptaions: disease vector

Asilidae

Feeding: predaceous

Adaptation:: mystax protects face

Syrphidae

Feeding: predaceous

Habitat: flowers

Adaptation: expert fliers, mimics

Muscidae

Feeding: saprophagous

vectors

Calliphoridae

Feeding: saprophagous

Sarcophagidae

Feeding: saprophagous

Tachinidae

Habitat: flowers, foliage

Parasitoids

Trichoptera

Adaptaions; arvae silk cocoons,

Habitat: L aquatic, crepuscular, nocturnal, terrestrial

Feeding: adults vestigial mandibulate

Amplexiform wing synchronization

Overlapping area of wings, move in tandem

Papilionoidea

Antennae: clubbed

Wing synch: amplexiform

activity: diurnal

Hesperiidae

antennae: hooked club

wing sync: none

activity: diurnal

“Moths”

Antennae: not clubbed

wing sync: frenulum + retinaculum or jugal

activity: nocturnal

Papilionoidea

Feeding: phytophagous

Habitat: diurnal

Hesperiidae

Feeding: phytophagous

Adaptations: fasten leaves

Saturniidae

Feeding: adults vestigial mouthparts

Adapt: silk, cryptic