Anatomy test 1

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

Transverse Plane

A plane that cuts the body into a top and bottom portion.

Frontal Plane

A plane that divides the body into front and back portions.

Midsagittal

A plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Parasagittal

A plane that is not in the midline and requires rotation to see the image.

Proximal

Closer to the insertion point

Medial

Close to the center line.

Distal

Farther from the insertion point

Lateral

Off to the side

Pronation

Turning the hand downwards.

Supination

Turning the hand upwards.

Superior

Closer to the head.

Inferior

Closer to the feet.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the midline.

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the midline.

Ventral

Anterior or front side of the body.

Dorsal

Posterior or back side of the body.

Palmar/Volar

Front side of the hand or wrist.

Deep

Closer to the center or inside the body.

Plantar

Bottom of the foot.

Superficial

Close to the surface.

Prone

Laying flat on the stomach or face down.

Supine

Laying flat on the back or face up.

Anatomical

Standing upright with feet forward, arms down, palms forward, and head forward.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers and lines organs for protection.

Connective tissue

Slower healing tissue, found between tissues

Microvilli

Short, grass-like projections on cells that increase surface area.

Cilia

Longer, finger/tail-like projections on cells used for movement.

Exocrine

Type of gland that secretes into a hollow space or surface.

Simple squamous

Allows materials to pass through and secretes lubricating substances (lining of vessels)

Simple cuboidal

Secretes and absorbs (ducts)

Simple columnar

Absorbs and secretes mucous (GI tract)

Pseudo stratified columnar

Secretes mucous (Upper respiratory)

Stratified squamous

Protects against abrasion (vagina)

Stratified cuboidal

Protective tissue (glands)

Stratified columnar

Secretes and protects (male urethra)

Transitional

Expand and stretch (urinary organs)

Adherens junction

Joins actin bundles in cells

Desmosome

Joins the intermediate filaments of cells

Gap junction

Allows water soluble ions to pass

Hemidesmosome

Anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to basal lamina

Tight junction

No space between cells

Endocrine

Type of gland that secretes into the bloodstream.

Loose connective tissue

Delivers nutrients to surrounding tissue, lots of ground substance, few fibers

Dense regular connective tissue

All fibers in the same direction, resistant to stretch in one direction

Dense irregular connective tissue

Fibers going different directions resist movement in most ways

Matrix

Structural protein in connective tissue.

Skeletal muscle

Muscle attached to the skeleton for movement.

Nervous tissue

Tissue that transmits electrical signals and supports neurons.

Glial cell

Provide support to neurons ( electrical signals - bloodflow )

Bones

Dense structures that provide physical strength, stability, and protection for internal organs.

Lamellae

Fill space between osteons and lacuna

Compact bone

Dense bone found in the shaft of long bones.

Spongy bone

Less dense bone found in the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones.

Bone marrow

Soft tissue found in the center of bones that produces blood cells.

Osteoblast

Cells responsible for growing new bone.

Osteoclast

Cells responsible for breaking down existing bone.

Osteocyte

Dormant osteoblasts that detect the need for bone remodeling.

Trabeculae

Thin, branching structures in spongy bone that provide support.

Growth plates

Areas where bone growth occurs.

Epiphyseal line

When growth is no longer happening and bones fuse.

Hematoma formation

Bleeding from vessels in osteon delivers nutrients. Lasts ~ 20 days (step 1)

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

The process of reconnecting bone pieces with soft cartilage. Takes 2-8 weeks (Step 2)

Bony callus formation

The replacement of cartilage with bone. Takes 8-12 weeks (Step 3)

Bone remodeling

The process of replacing spongy bone with compact bone. Takes 6-12 months (Step 4)

Osteoporosis

A decrease in bone density that occurs with age, accelerated by an imbalance in osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

Wolff's Law

Bones that are not used or under stress eventually lose bone density.

Leukemia

Affects the production of white blood cells, causing an increase in poorly formed cells.

Periosteum

Connective tissue that provides a connection site for muscles to bones. Made of dense irregular tissue

Endosteum

Separates bone from bone marrow

Shin splints

Separation in perforating fibers that pull the periosteum from the bone.

Hyaline cartilage

Covers all joints to prevent bone-bone interaction. Good at compressive loading and strongest/ most bone-like

Osteoarthritis

Loss of cartilage at joints, causing bone-to-bone interaction.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage with added collagen fibers to resist stretch and tolerate sheer force. Provide stability in joints

Elastic cartilage

Cartilage that stretches and returns to its normal shape.

Tendons

Made of collagen fibers, connect muscles to bones.

Ligaments

Made of collagen fibers, connect bones to other bones.

Tendonitis

Inflammation of the tendon caused by microtears to the collagen fibers.

Sacromere

The functional unit of a muscle fiber, made up of actin and myosin filaments.

Fascia

Connective tissue that separates muscle groups and protects muscles.

Compartment syndrome

Tissue damage caused by increased pressure within a compartment, leading to tissue death.

Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle size due to gaining contractile proteins and myofibrils.

Hyperplasia

Increase in muscle cells, typically only seen in children.

Steroids

Substances that can make it easier for muscles to add proteins and strengthen.

Rhabdomyolysis

Condition where damaged muscle protein enters the bloodstream, potentially causing kidney damage.

Smooth muscles

Found in every organ in the body, responsible for slow sustained contractions.

Asthma

Spasm of the walls in the airway, involving smooth muscle.

Cardiac muscles

Found in the heart, similar to skeletal muscles but lack nerves.

GAP junctions

Ensure chemical communication between cells in cardiac muscles.

Intercalated disks

Structures that link cardiac muscle cells together and define borders.

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Thinning walls, stretching ventricles can't pump all blood out

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Thickening walls, cannot fill with blood, reduces blood delivered to tissue

Frank Starling law of the heart

Increased blood volume = increased stretch of myocardium → increased force to pump of blood

Type 1 muscle fiber

Slow twitch oxidative uses oxygen, long time before fatigue

Type 2a muscle fiber

Fast twitch oxidative also uses oxygen but less efficient because faster contraction

Type 2b muscle fiber

Fast twitch glycolytic, use glycogen not oxygen, fastest contraction but fatigue quickly

Myoglobin

Delivers oxygen to muscles

Fascicle

Make up muscles and tendons

Myofibril

Makes up fascicles, where sarcomeres are

Tropomyosin

Wrap around actin to block binding