Siegel & Welsh Juvenile Deliquency Chapter 10 Drugs and Delinquency

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substance abuse

using drugs or alcohol in such a way as to cause physical harm to oneself

association

Adolescent substance use has an ______ with juvenile delinquency.

come from poor communities, have school failure and family conflict

Adolescents at high risk from drug abuse often: (3)

marijuana

the dried leaves of the cannabis plant

hashish

a concentrated form of cannabis made from unadulterated resin from the female cannabis plant

synthetic marijuana

a mixture of chemicals derived from the cannabinoid family (aka spice, K-2)

medical marijuana laws

recognize the medicinal value of marijuana for medical purposes and allow for its use under the direction of a physician

legalization of drugs

decriminalizing drug use to reduce the association between drug use and crime

cocaine

a powerful natural stimulant derived from the coca plant; some side effects include euphoria, restlessness, delirium, violent manic behavior, possible respiratory failure

marijuana

What is the drug most commonly used by teenagers?

distortions, hallucinatory

Smoking large amounts of pot or hashish can cause _____ in auditory or visual perception; can even produce _____ effects. Can produce a feel good effect on its users.

short-lived

Cocaine gives the user a rush, although it is ____

crack

a highly addictive crystalline form of cocaine containing remnants of hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate; provides powerful high, is highly addictive psychologically

heroin

a narcotic made from opium and then cut with sugar or some other neutral subtance until it is only 1 to 4 percent pure; has ability to produce insensibility to pain and to free the mind of anxiety and emotion. short-lived and is followed by apathy and drowsiness

addict

a person with an overpowering physical or psycholgical need to continue taking a particular substance or drug

alcohol

fermented or distilled liquids containing ethanol, an intoxicating substance

heroin

What is the most commonly used narcotic in the United States?

alcohol

What is often the drug of choice for most teenagers?

six

____ out of every ten high school seniors report using alcohol in the past year

66%

_____ % of high schools seniors report having tried alcohol at some point in their life

50%

____% of high school seniors report having been drunk at some point

6,000

Just under 1.2 million drivers are arrested each year for driving under the influence, including _____ teen drivers

anesthetic drugs

nervous system depressants; Some, like phencyclidine (PCP), can be abused for their hallucinogenic effects, posing high risks including violent behavior and overdose.

inhalants

volatile liquids that give off a vapor, which is inhaled, producing short-term excitement and euphoria followed by a period of disorientation

sedatives

drugs of the barbiturate family that depress the central nervous system into a sleeplike condition

tranquilizers

drugs that reduce anxiety and promote relaxation

hallucinogens

natural or synthetic substances that produce vivid distortions of the senses without greatly disturbing consciousness

stimulants

synthetic substances that produce an intense physical reaction by stimulating the central nervous system

methedrine

The most widely and commonly used stimulant/amphetamine

Southwest

Methamphetamine availability is highest in the _______ region

methamphetamine

Authorities are concerned over the spread of ____________, some states show high usage rates among secondary school students although overall there is a downward trend.

anabolic steroids

drugs used by athletes and bodybuilders to gain muscle bulk and strength; can become an obssession among teens who desite athletic success

designer drugs

lab-made drugs designed to avoid existing drug laws; most common - ecstasy

easy

In many countries, children and adolescents have ____ access to tobacco products

Synar Amendment

enacted in 1992, requires states to enact and enforce laws restricting the sale of tobacco products to youths under 18

Master Tobacco Settlement Agreement

agreement between 46 states and the tobacco industry in 1998, which placed further restrictions on the advertising and marketing of cigarettes to young people and allocated substantial sums to antismoking campaigns

34%

____ % of high schools seniors report having smoked cigarettes in their lifetime

e-cigarettes

battery-powered devices that heat and aerosolize a liquid solution—usually containing nicotine—which is then inhaled through a mouthpiece. Has become increasingly popular, especially among teens since they entered the U.S. market in 2007.

Monitoring the Future Suvery (MTF)

conducted by the Institutes for Social Research at the University of Michigan. about 41,600 students located in 377 secondary schools participate in the study. In recent surveys, it has shown a downward trend in the usage of drugs among juveniles.

Parents’ Resource Institute for Drug Education survey

survey of juvenile’s drug use similar to the MTF, shows downward trend in juvenile’s drug usage (PRIDE)

National Survey on Drug Use and Health

A national survey sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that interviews ~70,000 people each year about drug and alcohol use. Drug and alcohol use has stabilized or declined overall.

13%

National Survey on Drug Use and Health — Illicit drug use (ages 12–17) dropped by ____% from 2009 to 2013, but it's still a concern.

1.2%

National Survey on Drug Use and Health — ____% of youths (12-17) were heavy drinkers.

heavy drinking

defined as having five or more alcoholic drinks on the same occasion on at least five different days in the past 30 days

binge drinking

defined as having five or more alcoholic beverages on the same occasion at least once in the past 30 days

illicit, nonmedical prescription

National Survey on Drug Use and Health — Gender differences in drug use: Males more likely to use ____ drugs and marijuana, while females more likely to use _____ drugs

excluding, dropped out

High school surveys may actually be ____ some of the most drug-prone young people in the population., as many heavy users or drug dependents juveniles may have already _____ ___ of school.

girls, boys

(Gender) _____ are more willing to admit to taking drugs than ____

two parent, single parent

kids from _____ homes are less willing to admit taking drugs than kids growing up in _______ homes

10 million

There are around _____ alcoholics in the U.S.

800,000

Around _____ alcoholics seek treatment.

poverty, racial prejudice, low self-esteem, stressful urban environments, distrust of society

Some experts believe that drug abuse is connected to these factors often found in socially disorganized communities. (5)

no clear link between drug use and social class

Despite the explanation of social disorganization theory on drugs, the National Youth Survey (NYS) has found:

drug use

Peer pressure plays a major role in adolescent ______

friends, parental supervision

Teens are more likely to use drugs if their _____ do as well. This effect is exemplified by little _______.

health, neighborhood

The effects of peer pressure on juvenile drug use are mitigated by perceptions of _____ consequences and _____connections.

also abuse drugs, increases

Teens who abuse drugs often seek out friends who ______, which only _____ their drug use.

decreases

Research suggests a saturation effect, wherein the influence of peer pressure ______ at very high drug usage levels.

harsh punishments, parental neglect, economic hardship, parents abused drugs, larger families, parents who are separated

Family factors leading to drug abuse: (6)

abuse alcohol themselves

(Genetic factor) Children of alcohlics are more likely to…

addiction-prone personality

the view that the cause of substance abuse can be traced to a personality that has a compulsion for mood-altering drugs

psychodynamic explanations

explanation that suggests drugs help youths control or express unconscious needs

half

Up to ____ of all drug abusers may also be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder which is defined as a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others

problem behaviors, societal values, emotional and social

Some adolescents who abuse drugs begin showing _________ early in life and continue them into adulthood. They also tend to reject _______ and have many ____ and ____ problems.

rational choice

Youths may very consciously, but mistakenly use drugs believing it benefits them, therefore it may be a function of _____

gateway drug

a substance that leads to use of more serious drugs; an example is alcohol, which has long been thought to lead to more serious drug abuse

adult

A juvenile drinking with an _____ present is a significant precursor of substance abuse and delinquency

emotional problems

juveniles may have feelings of inadequacy and blame others for their failures; alternatively, they may internalize their feelings of inadequacy, which can all lead to drug abuse

commit other serious delinquent acts; support their own drug use

Many adolescents who use and distribute small amounts of drug do not… they often do this to….

multiple, property, serious

A more serious type of drug-involved youth is the one who distributes ______ substances and commits both ____ and ____ crimes.

two thirds, half

About _____ of substance abusing youths continues to use drugs in adulthood, but about ____ desist from other criminal activities

support their own drug use

Drug users may commit crimes in order to:

warring

Crime may occur as a result of _____ between rival drug distributing gangs

200,000

In Miami, a study showed that 573 narcotic users annually commited more than ______ crimes to obtain cash

most likely

Some resarch has found that youths who abuse alcohol are _______ to engage in violence

drug use and crime

Much research suggests there is a powerful _____ connection.

type, cause, before

As a general rule, drug abuse appears to be a ____ of delinquent behavior and not a _____ of delinquency. Most youths become involved in delinquent acts ____ they are initiated into drugs

source control

a drug control strategy focused on reducing the supply of illegal drugs by targeting their origin—this includes destroying drug crops, arresting cartel members, and supporting alternative farming programs in drug-producing countries.

border control

refers to efforts to stop illegal drugs from entering the country by using law enforcement, border patrols, and military forces to seize drug shipments at entry points, including traditional borders and online trafficking routes. Despite some large-scale successes, only a small portion of drugs are intercepted due to the vastness of U.S. borders and new trafficking methods like the Internet.

targeting dealers

refers to law enforcement efforts to disrupt drug trafficking by arresting street-level sellers and dismantling large drug rings. While intended to reduce drug availability and use, these actions can lead to unintended consequences such as increased violence, the decentralization of drug markets, and the displacement of drug activity to other areas.

kindergarten, 12th

An approach to reducing teenage substance abuse relies on educational programs. Drug education now begins in ____ and extends through the _____ grade.

Project ALERT

Education programs, such as _____ which now operates in all 50 states, have been shown to be successful in training middle school youths to avoid recreational drugs and to resist peer pressure to use cigarettes and alcohol.

lower

anti-drug messages targeted at youth can ____ the rates of drug use among juveniles

lower

Parental involvement in a juveniles life can ____ the rates of drug use among juveniles

anti-drug attitudes, insulate

Evaluations of community programs have shown that they may encourage _____ and help _____ participating youths from an environment that supports drug use

Boys and Girls Clubs of America (BGCs)

One of the most successful community-based programs to prevent substance abuse and delinquency

multisystemic therapy (MST)

addresses a variety of family, peer, and psychological problems by focusing on problem-solving and communication skills training

outdoor activities, after school programs, group therapy, residential programs

community approaches to drug abuse in teens and adolescents (4)

harm reduction

efforts to minimize the harmful effects caused by drug use; attempts to create alternative treatment methods, countering typical punitive treatments and punishments.

drug treatment facilities, access to health professionals, needle exchange programs, special drug courts

Types of Harm reduction (4)

community-based drug prevention

community organizations and residents taking action to deter drug dealing; engaging youth in proscial activities

one trillion

approxiamate cost of the U.S.’s 40 year war on drugs