Unit 2-3: Freanch and Indian War (1754) Seven Years War &The Federalist Period

Ohio River Valley

controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

The Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Ben Franklin

A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.

Treaty of Paris 1763 and 1783

The Peace Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the French Indian War (aka the Seven Years War) The Peace Treaty of Paris 1783 formally ended the War for Independence.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Non-importation

A movement under which the colonies agreed to stop importing goods from Britain in order to protest the Stamp Act.

Boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

writ of assistance

court document allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Committee of Correspondence (1772)

Under the guidance of Samuel Adams, the committee provided information on British threats to liberty to other areas of the colony.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

British East India Tea Company

a powerful tea company that was granted a monopoly to sell tea cheaply in the colonies

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

First Continental Congress

Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Second Continental Congress

Political authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775.

Lexington and Concord

first battles of the Revolutionary War

Minute Men/Militia

A group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies

example today is the Army Reserves

"The shot heard around the world" refers to

The first shot that makes the start of the American Revolution

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

July 4, 1776

Declaration of Independence was signed

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Patrick Henry

"Give me liberty or give me death"

Nathan Hale, "I only Regret..."

that I lose for my country

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

General Cornwallis

British general who surrendered at Yorktown

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

N.W Ordinance of 1785

terms for sale of the land

-Mapmakers divided the region into five districts and subdivided the districts into townships

+Congress wanted to auction off townships to settlers

+Had to lower prices and open up the bidding to land speculators

Townships

a subdivision of a county that has its own government

16th Section Land

Land which was to be used for schools

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

Role of James Madison

Father of the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

The Virginia Plan vs. The New Jersey Plan

outlined a strong national government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial

Connecticut Compromise

Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.

Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist

Federalist pushed for adoption of the Constitution and Anti-Federalist were against ratification

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Ratification

Formal approval

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

national debt

The sum of government deficits over time.

Strict Construction vs Loose Construction

Strict: Madison, It isn't in the constitution - I didn't sign off on it - it can't happen

Loose: Hamilton, The constitution just tells us what we can't do - I don't see no bank anywhere...

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)

The clause in Article I, Section 8, that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Democrat, Republican

What are the two major political parties in the United States?

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Mad Anothony Wayne

American war hero, seized two forts along Stony Point, on the Hudson River

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Election of 1796: President Adams, Vice-president Jefferson

: President Adams, Vice-president Jefferson

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Alien Act

1798 (JA), gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Virgina

Richmond

Kentucky Resolution

written by jefferson; introduced nullification; states have right to judge laws made and if be, declare laws null and void