Applied Anatomy

Anterior

What anatomical term describes the front of the body?

Posterior - This term refers to the position of a structure that is located towards the back of the body.

What anatomical term describes the back of the body?

Medial

What anatomical term means towards the midline of the body?

Lateral

What anatomical term means away from the midline of the body?

Superior - This term denotes that a structure is positioned higher than another structure.

What anatomical term means above another structure?

Inferior

What anatomical term means below another structure?

Proximal

What anatomical term means closer to the trunk of the body?

Distal

What anatomical term means farther from the trunk of the body?

Superficial

What anatomical term means closer to the surface of the body?

Deep

What anatomical term means farther away from the surface of the body?

Ipsilateral

What term describes structures on the same side of the body?

Contralateral

What term describes structures on opposite sides of the body?

Long bone

What type of bone is longer than it is wide?

What type of bone has a cube-like shape?

Short bone

Flat bone

What type of bone is thin and often curved?

Sesamoid bone

What type of bone is sesame seed shaped and embedded in tendons?

Irregular bone

What type of bone does not fit into other bone categories?

Head

What bone marking is a prominent rounded articular surface?

Facet

What bone marking is a flat articular surface?

Condyle

What bone marking is a rounded articular surface often found at joints?

Process

What bone marking is a projection from a bone?

Spine

What bone marking is a short sharp projection?

Tubercle

What bone marking is a large roughened projection for muscle attachment?

Line

What bone marking is a small elevated ridge?

What bone marking is a large elevated ridge of bone?

Crest

Fossa

What bone marking is a large pit or depression in a bone?

Fovea

What bone marking is a small pit in a bone?

Sulcus

What bone marking is a groove in a bone?

Foramen

What bone marking is a hole through a bone allowing nerves or vessels to pass?

Superior border

Identify the upper border of the scapula.

Subscapular fossa

Identify the large anterior concave surface of the scapula.

Coracoid process

Identify the hook-like projection on the anterior scapula.

Glenoid cavity

Identify the articular surface where the humerus meets the scapula.

Identify the small bump above the glenoid cavity.

Supraglenoid tubercle

Infraglenoid tubercle

Identify the small bump below the glenoid cavity.

Glenoid cavity

What scapula structure helps form the shoulder joint?

Supraglenoid tubercle

Which scapula landmark serves as an attachment for the biceps tendon (long head)?

Infraglenoid tubercle

Which scapula landmark serves as an attachment for the triceps (long head)?

Head of humerus

Identify the rounded proximal articular surface of the humerus.

Greater tubercle

Identify the large lateral projection of the proximal humerus.

Lesser tubercle

Identify the smaller anterior projection of the proximal humerus.

Intertubercular groove

Identify the groove between the greater and lesser tubercles.

Anatomical neck

Identify the narrow groove separating the humeral head from the tubercles.

Surgical neck

Identify the area just below the tubercles where fractures commonly occur.

Deltoid tuberosity

Identify the roughened area where the deltoid muscle attaches.

Lateral supracondylar ridge

Identify the ridge running along the lateral distal humerus.

Capitulum

Identify the rounded articular surface that articulates with the radius.

Trochlea

Identify the spool-shaped surface that articulates with the ulna.

Identify the large projection on the medial distal humerus.

Medial epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle

Identify the projection on the lateral distal humerus.

Radial (spiral) groove

Identify the groove on the posterior humerus where the radial nerve runs.

Head of radius

Identify the disc-shaped proximal end of the radius.

Radial tuberosity

Identify the roughened area below the radial head where biceps attaches.

Styloid process of radius

Identify the distal projection of the radius on the lateral side.

Olecranon

Identify the posterior projection forming the elbow tip.

Coronoid process

Identify the anterior projection below the trochlear notch.

Ulnar tuberosity

Identify the roughened area for muscle attachment on the ulna.

Styloid process of ulna

Identify the distal projection of the ulna.

Carpals

What group of bones forms the wrist?

Metacarpals

What bones form the palm of the hand?

Phalanges

What bones form the fingers?

Base, shaft, head

What are the three main parts of a metacarpal?

Base, shaft, head

What are the three parts of a phalanx?

Ball and socket joint

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Head of the humerus

What bone articulates with the glenoid cavity?

The glenoid cavity is shallow, providing less stability to the shoulder joint.

Why is the glenohumeral joint considered unstable?

A loose joint capsule surrounding the shoulder

What allows the shoulder joint to have a large range of motion?

Scapulothoracic joint

What joint connects the scapula to the thorax functionally?

Acromioclavicular joint

What joint connects the acromion of the scapula to the clavicle?

What joint connects the clavicle to the sternum?

Sternoclavicular joint

Sternoclavicular joint

What is the only bony attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle

What muscle type is voluntary and attached to bones?

Smooth muscle

What muscle type is found in internal organs?

Cardiac muscle

What muscle type is found in the heart?

Concentric contraction

What contraction occurs when a muscle shortens while producing force?

Eccentric contraction

What contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens while producing tension?

Isometric contraction

What contraction occurs when muscle tension is produced but length does not change?

Agonist

What is the prime mover of an action called?

Synergist

What muscle assists the agonist?

Antagonist

What is the opposing muscle of an action called?

Deltoid

Which muscle is responsible for most shoulder abduction after the first 15°?

Supraspinatus

Which muscle initiates the first ~15° of shoulder abduction?

Deltoid

Which muscle inserts on the deltoid tuberosity?

Deltoid

Which muscle originates from the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula?

Anterior deltoid

Which muscle performs shoulder flexion, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction?

Posterior deltoid

Which muscle performs shoulder extension and external rotation?

Supraspinatus

Which muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa?

Infraspinatus

Which rotator cuff muscle primarily performs external rotation of the shoulder?

Infraspinatus

Which muscle originates from the infraspinous fossa?

Teres minor

Which muscle originates from the lateral border of the scapula and externally rotates the shoulder?

Subscapularis

Which rotator cuff muscle performs internal rotation of the shoulder?

Subscapularis

Which muscle originates from the subscapular fossa?

Subscapularis

Which muscle inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

Teres major

Which muscle originates from the inferior angle of the scapula?

Teres major

Which muscle performs shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation?

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Which four muscles make up the rotator cuff?

Coracobrachialis

Which muscle originates from the coracoid process and assists shoulder flexion and adduction?

Biceps brachii

Which muscle performs elbow flexion and forearm supination?

Biceps brachii

Which muscle inserts on the radial tuberosity?