History Unit 6 Test

Arabs

Semitic-speaking people that lived in the Arabian Peninsula who believed in a polytheistic religion

Allah

The muslim name for God

Five Pillars of Islam

1. Shahada → Profession of faith
2. Salat → Ritual prayer
3. Sawam → Fasting
4. Zakat → Almsgiving
5. Haji → Pilgrimage

First Pillar

Shahada → Profession of faith

Second Pillar

Salat → Ritual prayer

Third Pillar

Sawam → Fasting

Fourth Pillar

Zakat → Almsgiving

Fifth Pillar

Haji → Pilgrimage

Muhammad

Founder of Islam and gods final prophet

Quran

The sacred text of Islam

Caliph

Ruler of the caliphate, considered the political successor of Muhammad

Caliphate

The political and religious sate of Muslims and the land in their possession

Jizya

A tax on Jews and Christians that abled them to practice their religion

Rashidun

He defeated the Byzantine and Persain Empires

Gained control of Syria, the Palestine, Egypt, Persia

Umayyad Caliphate

Gained control of the Maghreb, Spain 

Covered 5.8 million square miles at its largest extent

Capital established in Damascus

Hereditary rule was intended to prevent succession conflicts

Abbasid Caliphate

After capturing Damascus from the Umayyad’s, the ________ sought to solidify their rule

They claimed to be descendants of Muhammad (hoping to win support from Shia Muslims)

New capital city founded in 721 next to the Tigris river - Baghdad

Sunni

“Muhammad left no successor and Abu Bakr was rightly chosen as Caliph after Muhammnd’s death”

Shia

“Muhammad left Ali as his successor and Abu Bakr was not a legitimate Caliph”

Abu Bakr

The first caliph after Muhammads death

Ali Ibn Abi Talib

Fourth caliph, Muhammads son in law

Muawiyah

Governor of the Strain province and one of Alis chief rivals

Led a revolt

Harun Al-Rashid

Established the great library called the Bayt al-Hikma meaning “The House of Wisdom”

Promoted the **Translation Movement** (was an effort to translate all the great books of the ancient world into Arabic)

Why was Baghdad such a thriving intellectual culture?

Baghdad was a large **cosmopolitan** city

The Abbasid’s welcomed scholars from all regions and ethnic backgrounds

Abbasid rulers were deeply committed and financially (Scholars were paid a salary from the state)

Introduced paper (from China) which made books easier to produce and the books lasted longer

Islam emphasized on reading the Quran→high literacy rates

The Crusades (Background)

After the Arab Conquests, Jerusalem was led by Muslims but open to Christians and Jews

900s: Fracturing of the Abbasid Caliphate

1000s: Conflict b/t the Sunni Seljuk Turks (Asia Minor) and the Shi’ite Fatimids (Egypt)

The First Crusade

The Byzantine Emperor requested help from the West to fight the Turks

In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, **Pope Urban II** called for a **crusade** against the Muslim Turks

* 1096-1099 - Several battles between Crusaders and the Turks
* Summer of 1099 - Crusaders reach Jerusalem and capture the city → Massacre of Muslims and Jews in the city

Crusaders

Large number of nobles, knights and peasants responded to Urban II’s call→ “Pilgram Army”

In 1096, crusaders set out for Constantinople

The Second and Third Crusade

**Saladin**, the powerful Muslim ruler of Egypt, conquered territory in the Crusader States

Second Crusade → Saladin controlled Jerusalem

Third Crusade → Christians  regained access to Jerusalem for pilgrims 

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)

Indebted soldiers offered themselves as mercenaries in Venice

* 1204: **Sack of Constantinople**
* Looted the city
* Attacked other (Eastern Orthodox) Christians
* Never reached Jerusalem

Why is the Fourth Crusade considered a debacle (i.e. a sudden and shameful failure)?

The Fourth Crusade legitimized the idea of “crusading” against **any** enemies of the Catholic Church

*The Reconquista - fighting Muslims in Spain*

The Northern Crusades -  fighting pagans in the Baltics

Later Crusades - fighting Muslims in North Africa

Ibn Rushd

A philosopher (looked up to Aristotle) also a judge, a legal thinker and a politain

Created the “double truths” thesis

Influenced Thomas Aquians

Ibn Sina

A poet, music theorist, astronomer and politain but was best known for being a **philosopher and medical doctor**

Cannon of Medicine

Al-Razi

A scientist, physician, and philosopher (alchemy)

Was made head of a few hospitals

Author of more then 100 works

1st to propose pediatric as a separate study (the study of kids health)

Ibn- Khaldun

A __historian,__ a philosopher, and focused on the developments of society

Wrote the muquaddimah→ which washes history follows a cyclical pattern

Al- Khwarizmi

An Arab who translated scientific and mathematical documents form Greek, Sanskrit and Hebrew

Taught mathematics and astronomy

Did lead the “House of Wisdom” (was a faculty leader)

Consulted knowledge of algebra

Called the founder of Algebra

Omar Khayyam

Persian; A mathematician, poet, and astronomer

Author of the collection of quatrains called the ‘Rubaiyat’

Commentary of Euclid’s Elements