Arabs
Semitic-speaking people that lived in the Arabian Peninsula who believed in a polytheistic religion
Allah
The muslim name for God
Five Pillars of Islam
Shahada â Profession of faith
Salat â Ritual prayer
Sawam â Fasting
Zakat â Almsgiving
Haji â Pilgrimage
First Pillar
Shahada â Profession of faith
Second Pillar
Salat â Ritual prayer
Third Pillar
Sawam â Fasting
Fourth Pillar
Zakat â Almsgiving
Fifth Pillar
Haji â Pilgrimage
Muhammad
Founder of Islam and gods final prophet
Quran
The sacred text of Islam
Caliph
Ruler of the caliphate, considered the political successor of Muhammad
Caliphate
The political and religious sate of Muslims and the land in their possession
Jizya
A tax on Jews and Christians that abled them to practice their religion
Rashidun
He defeated the Byzantine and Persain Empires
Gained control of Syria, the Palestine, Egypt, Persia
Umayyad Caliphate
Gained control of the Maghreb, Spain
Covered 5.8 million square miles at its largest extent
Capital established in Damascus
Hereditary rule was intended to prevent succession conflicts
Abbasid Caliphate
After capturing Damascus from the Umayyadâs, the ________ sought to solidify their rule
They claimed to be descendants of Muhammad (hoping to win support from Shia Muslims)
New capital city founded in 721 next to the Tigris river - Baghdad
Sunni
âMuhammad left no successor and Abu Bakr was rightly chosen as Caliph after Muhammndâs deathâ
Shia
âMuhammad left Ali as his successor and Abu Bakr was not a legitimate Caliphâ
Abu Bakr
The first caliph after Muhammads death
Ali Ibn Abi Talib
Fourth caliph, Muhammads son in law
Muawiyah
Governor of the Strain province and one of Alis chief rivals
Led a revolt
Harun Al-Rashid
Established the great library called the Bayt al-Hikma meaning âThe House of Wisdomâ
Promoted the Translation Movement (was an effort to translate all the great books of the ancient world into Arabic)
Why was Baghdad such a thriving intellectual culture?
Baghdad was a large cosmopolitan city
The Abbasidâs welcomed scholars from all regions and ethnic backgrounds
Abbasid rulers were deeply committed and financially (Scholars were paid a salary from the state)
Introduced paper (from China) which made books easier to produce and the books lasted longer
Islam emphasized on reading the Quranâhigh literacy rates
The Crusades (Background)
After the Arab Conquests, Jerusalem was led by Muslims but open to Christians and Jews
900s: Fracturing of the Abbasid Caliphate
1000s: Conflict b/t the Sunni Seljuk Turks (Asia Minor) and the Shiâite Fatimids (Egypt)
The First Crusade
The Byzantine Emperor requested help from the West to fight the Turks
In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called for a crusade against the Muslim Turks
1096-1099 - Several battles between Crusaders and the Turks
Summer of 1099 - Crusaders reach Jerusalem and capture the city â Massacre of Muslims and Jews in the city
Crusaders
Large number of nobles, knights and peasants responded to Urban IIâs callâ âPilgram Armyâ
In 1096, crusaders set out for Constantinople
The Second and Third Crusade
Saladin, the powerful Muslim ruler of Egypt, conquered territory in the Crusader States
Second Crusade â Saladin controlled Jerusalem
Third Crusade â Christians regained access to Jerusalem for pilgrims
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
Indebted soldiers offered themselves as mercenaries in Venice
1204: Sack of Constantinople
Looted the city
Attacked other (Eastern Orthodox) Christians
Never reached Jerusalem
Why is the Fourth Crusade considered a debacle (i.e. a sudden and shameful failure)?
The Fourth Crusade legitimized the idea of âcrusadingâ against any enemies of the Catholic Church
The Reconquista - fighting Muslims in Spain
The Northern Crusades -Â fighting pagans in the Baltics
Later Crusades - fighting Muslims in North Africa
Ibn Rushd
A philosopher (looked up to Aristotle) also a judge, a legal thinker and a politain
Created the âdouble truthsâ thesis
Influenced Thomas Aquians
Ibn Sina
A poet, music theorist, astronomer and politain but was best known for being a philosopher and medical doctor
Cannon of Medicine
Al-Razi
A scientist, physician, and philosopher (alchemy)
Was made head of a few hospitals
Author of more then 100 works
1st to propose pediatric as a separate study (the study of kids health)
Ibn- Khaldun
A historian, a philosopher, and focused on the developments of society
Wrote the muquaddimahâ which washes history follows a cyclical pattern
Al- Khwarizmi
An Arab who translated scientific and mathematical documents form Greek, Sanskrit and Hebrew
Taught mathematics and astronomy
Did lead the âHouse of Wisdomâ (was a faculty leader)
Consulted knowledge of algebra
Called the founder of Algebra
Omar Khayyam
Persian; A mathematician, poet, and astronomer
Author of the collection of quatrains called the âRubaiyatâ
Commentary of Euclidâs Elements