Med Term Exam #4: Ch 13-16

musculoskeletal system

the bones, muscles, and joints of the body

bones

provide structural support and protection of internal organs

muscles

responsible for internal and external movement

joints

where bones come together

how much flexibility is needed

how is the type of joint at a specific location determined?

tendon

fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

ossificaiton

replacement of cartilage with bone

osteoblast

a cell that produces immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage

osteocyte

cell thatnourishes and maintains bone

osteoclast

cell that reabsorbs or digests bone (remodels bone)

deposit and tear down bone throughout life

osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to....

calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D

what substances are needed for proper formation of. bone?

calcium phosphate enzyme

helps create hard bone from caclium, phosphorus, and vitamin D

bones

what is the main source of calcium (main reservoir for calcium storage) in the body?

nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and skeletal muscle

what is calcium necessary for?

parathyroid glands, which secrete PTH to release calcium from bone

what part of the body regulates the amount of calcium in the blood?

long, short, flat, sesamoid

what are the different types/shapes of bones?

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

the end of a bone

metaphysis

the cone-like flared portion of a bone between the end and the shaft

epiphyseal line/plate

the growth plate, where cartilage is replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)

periosteum

membrane surrounding bones, rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue; serves as an attachment for tendons and muscles

articular cartilage

covers ends of bones in the joint to cushion the joint and allow it to move freely

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)

what is contained within compact bone?

spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

what is contained with cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone?

yellow marrow

part of the bone marrow that mainly contains fat

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

red marrow

part of the bone marrow that produces blood cells

rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development

what is found in the red marrow?

hematopoiesis

the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

process

a prominent projection on a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles tendons, and ligaments

depressions

openings or hollow regions of bone that help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels

condyle

knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint

epicondyle

raised area on or above a condyle; attaches muscle and connective tissue to bone

trochanter

a large, irregularly shaped process on the side of a bone

tuberosity

a moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach

fossa

shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

suture

immovable (fibrous) joints between bones; found only in the cranium

fontanelles

soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant

sphenoid bone

bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together; forms part of the base of the skull

ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

mental foramen

name this opening.

sella turcica

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of skull and mandibular bone of jaw

lacrimal bones

paired bones at the corner of each eye that cradle the tear ducts

zygomatic bones

cheek bones

mandibular bone

lower jawbone

vomer

forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

nasal bones

bones that form the bridge of the nose

sinus

an air cavity located in facial and cranial bones, which lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes into the respiratory system

frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, sphenoidal sinus, maxillary sinus

what are the major sinuses?

vertebrae

26 bone segments from base of skull to tailbone, in five divisions and separated by pads of cartilage

intervertebral disks

pads of cartilage between vertebrae; shock absorbers

acromion

an outward extension of the scapula (shoulder blade) that forms the high point of the shoulder

acetabulum

rounded depression in the pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint

ilium, pubis, ischium

what are the 3 bones that make up the pelvic girdle?

clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs

what are the major bones of the thorax?

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

what are the major bones of the arm and hand?

pelvic girdle bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

what are the major bones of the pelvis?

calcaneus

heel bone

talus

ankle bone

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals (calcaneus + talus), metatarsals, phalanges

what are the major bones of the leg and foot?

medial malleolus

distal process on medial tibial surface

lateral malleolus

distal end of the fibula; forms the outer part of the ankle

bone

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

bone depression

opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageway for blood vessels and nerves

bone process

enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

calcium

a mineral constituent of bone

cancellous bone

spongy, porous bone tissue in inner part of bone

cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

collagen

dense connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues

compact bone

hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around outer portion of bone

ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

what are the cranial bones?

disk

flat, round, plate-like structure

lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic

what are the facial bones?

maxillary bone

bone of the upper jaw

allow skull to move/compress during vaginal delivery

what is the purpose of fontanelles?

foramen magnum

opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

ligament

fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones

malleolus

round process on both sides of the ankle joint

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

scapula

shoulder blade

clavicle

collar bone

olecranon

large process on the proximal end of the ulna

orthopedist

medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions

osseous tissue

bone tissue that makes up the skeletal system

ossification

the process of bone formation

phosphorus

mineral substance found in bones, along with calcium

physiatrist

medical doctor who specializes in rehabilitation

pubic symphysis

area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis

red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis

ribs

twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall

true ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8-10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12

which ribs are classified as true, false, and floating?

sinus

hollow air cavity within a bone

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone