Chapter 39: Animal Form & Function

Anatomy

Study of body structures

Physiology

study of body functions

Adaptations

Changes made/evolved over generations

Trade Offs

Cons of an adaptation

Acclimatization

change made over a lifetime

Tissue

A group of cells with a similar function

Types of Tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

coverings/outer layers; line organs

Glands

Within epithelial tissue; secrete substances

Connective Tissue

Holds the body together

Types of Connective Tissue

Loose, Dense, Supporting, and Fluid

Loose Connective Tissue

Fibroblasts; hold organs in place

Dense Connective Tissue

Tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)

Supporting Connective Tissue

Bones and Cartilage

Fluid

Blood

Blood Components

plasma (55%), red blood cells (45%), white blood cells, and platelets

Muscular Tissue

make up the body’s muscles

Types of Muscular Tissue

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac muscle

Skeletal Muscle

looks stringy; attaches to bones for movement

Smooth Muscle

part of most organs

Cardiac Muscle

Makes the heart specifically; thicker and circular

Nervous Tissue

made of nerves/neurons; sends and receives signals

Surface Area : Volume Ratio

Maintaining volume while increasing surface area

Surface Area : Volume Ratio Adaptations

Fish gills, intestinal folds, and capillaries

Metabolism

All the body’s chemical reactions

Homeostatsis

main use of metabolism; maintaing body’s balance

Steps of Regulation

Sensor (detect issue), Integrator (choose action), Effector (fix issue)

Feedback

maintains homeostasis

Epithelial Importance

Key part of homeostasis and thermoregulation

Thermoregulation

Homeostasis of the body’s temperature

Sources of Heat

Radiation, Convections and Conduction

Radiation

main source of heat, heat from the sun’s rays

Convection

Heat through air or water movement

Conduction

Transfer of heat from one solid object to another

Endotherm

use energy to maintain body heat; mammals & birds

Ectotherm

body temperature is determined by external temperature; reptiles & amphibians

Weaponized Thermoregulation

Using body heat as a defensive weapon

Countercurrent Heat Exchange

The process of arterial blood warming up venous blood as it returns to the body from the extremities; in endothermic animals