les monkeys

Name the 3 rock types that make up the earth’s crust

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Describe 2 ways how sedimentary rocks are formed

Small particles which have been eroded, transported deposited in layers on the seabed

Or formed by the remains of plants and animals

2 examples of sedimentary rocks

Limestone, chalk

Describe how igneous rocks are formed

Created by volcanic activity when magma/lava cools, forming rocks made of crystals that are hard

1 example of igneous rocks

Granite

Describe how metamorphic rocks are formed

Existing rocks are changed under immense heat/pressure

Usually made up of layers/folds containing crystals

2 examples of metamorphic rocks

Schale, schist

What is the Tees-exe line

A theoretical line from the rivers Tees and Exe

To the south is predominantly sedimentary rock

To the north is shifting to igneous / metamorphic rock

Define weathering

The breakdown of rock on land / in Situ

3 types of weathering

Mechanical / physical / freeze thaw

Biological

Chemical

Describe mechanical / physical weathering / freeze thaw

Water enters cracks, freezes and expands

Describe biological weathering

Burrowing animals + tree roots break apart rocks

Describe chemical weathering

Acid rain dissolves rocks eg. limestone

Give an example of an upland landscape and where one can be found

Granite Tor, Dartmoor

Describe the formation of a Granite Tor (first 3)

Massive dome of magma formed underground, 250mil years ago

As it cooled and contracted, cracks aka joints formed

Freeze thaw weathering expanded joints (because water infiltrated)

Describe the formation of a Granite Tor (last 3)

Glaciation eroded nearby ground, leaving rock exposed

Mechanical + biological weathering eroded weaker joints of rock, while gravity caused mass movement

Blocks with fewer joints remain standing, surrounded by clitter slopes

Annotated diagram of how Granite Tor forms (all 6)

Give another example of an upland landscape and where one can be found

Limestone pavement, Malham Cove

Malham cove:

• What is it

• Where is it found

Malham cove is a large curved limestone rock

It can be found in yorkshire, 0.6 miles north of Malham village

Describe the formation of a limestone pavement (first 2)

Over millions of years, due to tectonic activity, the softer rock was raised and became a limestone cliff

At the end of the ice age, glacier melts to form glacial meltwater. This formed a waterfall which eroded the cliff backwards to its current position

Describe the formation of a limestone pavement (last 3)

Along the top, carboniferous limestone is made of lines – planes and vertical joints

As rainwater passes through, chemical weathering widens the planes and joints

The deepening of cracks forms grykes, exposing blocks of limestone; clints

Annotated diagram of how limestone pavement forms (all 5)

Define an erratic

A rock which is geologically different to the surrounding rock

Describe how an erratic is formed

Glacier picks up chunk of rock and transports it away from where it came from

When glacier melts and retreats, rock is deposited and left

Give an example of a lowland landscape and where it can be found

Chalk escarpment, South downs national park

Describe the formation of a chalk escarpment (first 4)

Alternating layers of chalk and clay, which are diagonal due to tectonic activity

Chalk is more resistant to erosion, so erodes at slower pace, so more is left 

Clay is less resistant to erosion, so erodes at faster pace, so less is left

Forming a scarp slope above chalk and a dip slope above clay

Describe the formation of a chalk escarpment (last 3)

Chalk is permeable so when water falls on it, water infiltrates the rock

Which flows down until it meets the clay, which is impermeable, so water flows as surface runoff

Forming a springline; a stream flowing between where the 2 types of rock meet

Annotated diagram of how chalk escarpment forms (all 7)

South downs national park:

• Area

• Population

• Rocks 

• Nearby city

1672km²

108k population

Chalk, sandstone, clay

Brighton

3 aspects for south downs national park

Agriculture 

Forestry

Settlement

SDNP agriculture:

• What % of land is farmed

• How many business farming

83%

1100 businesses

SDNP agriculture:

• 3 reasons why

Chalk grassland ideal for grazing sheep / training horses

Clay grassland ideal for dairy cows

South = arable farming

SDNP agriculture:

• Income use +ve

Supports local economy

Businesses account for 6% of employment

SDNP agriculture:

• Birds +ve

Contributed towards supporting rare bird species

Eg. corn bunting, grey partridge, skylark, stone curlew

SDNP agriculture:

• Bats +ve

Hedgerows and field margins 

Provide wildlife corridors for bats

SDNP agriculture:

• Decline in arable farming -ve

Reduced presence of arable plants

Damaged wildlife habitats

SDNP agriculture:

• Decline in traditional practices -ve

Eg. sheep grazing

→ scrub encroachment

SDNP agriculture:

• Chemicals usage -ve

Decline in chalk grassland

SDNP forestry: 

• Which woodland

• Area

• Distribution

• Human activity

Deciduous and coniferous mix

25.8% of SDNP or 38420 hectares

Unevenly distributed – more in W than E

Human activity increased

SDNP forestry: 

• Large % is ancient trees +ve

Provides habitats for wide range of wildlife

SDNP forestry: 

• Timber uses +ve

Valuable sustainable product

Growing markets in construction

Fuel for heating

SDNP forestry: 

• Removal of woodland for new developments -ve

Threatens some of ancient large-leaved lime woodland

SDNP forestry: 

Trees no longer managed -ve

Many of hazel / chestnut coppices no longer managed

• Overgrown

• Decline in quality

• Loss of biodiversity

SDNP settlement:

• Escarpments

Make up the park, responsible for spring-like settlements

Built on naturally formed S slope

SDNP settlement: +ve

• Population 

• Villages

• Market towns

Most populated national park, 120k

Mostly live in urban towns and villages

Largest market towns of any NP

Eg. petersfield, lewes, midhurst

SDNP settlement: -ve

• New developments which have not reflected local character in traditional design and materials

Loss of local distinctiveness

Historic features replaced eg. wooden to metal signage

Decline in local facilities eg. post offices, general stores, pubs, schools

Define coastal erosion

Action of waves wearing away rocks along coastline and removing sediments (occurs in sea)

4 types of erosion

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution

Define hydraulic action

Power of water waves wearing away rock

Define abrasion

Waves throw rocks against coast

Define attrition

Rocks collide with one another, becoming smaller and rounder

Define solution (erosion)

Rocks / materials dissolving in water

Define weathering

Rocks are broken down at / near to surface of ground (occurs on land)

3 types of weathering

Mechanical, biological, chemical

Define mechanical weathering

Water enters rock cracks, freezes and expands

Define biological weathering

Animals burrowing / tree roots growing

Define chemical weathering

Acid rain melting away rocksDefine transportation

Define transportation

Eroded material’s movement along coastline by different processes, depending on its size and energy of waves (or water in river)

4 types of transportation

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution

Define traction

Large rocks roll along seabed

Define saltation

Rocks hop, skip and jump along seabed

Define suspension

Material is carried within the solution

Define solution (transportation)

Rocks / materials dissolved in solution

Define mass movement

Downslope movement of rocks + soil from top of cliff because of gravity (occurs on land)

3 types of mass movement for coasts

Rockfalls, landslides, flows

Define rockfall

Rocks from weathered cliffs falling

Why does rockfall often happen?

Cliff is undercut by wave action, leaving it unsupported and liable to collapse

Define landslides

Movement of material along a flat surface 

Large amounts of rock and soil move downslope rapidly

Define flows

Usually after heavy rainfall, water seeps through permeable rocks

Where they meet impermeable rocks, saturated soil and weaker rock collapses

And slides in a rotational manner along a curved surface

Define deposition

When there isn’t enough energy to carry eroded material, so it’s dropped

When wind blows over the sea, waves are created due to..

Friction between the wind and surface of water creating ripples

Size and energy of a wave depends on 3 factors. Name them

Strength of wind

How long wind has been blowing for

The fetch (distance wind waves travel over)

Define swash motion

Water rushes up the beach

Define backwash motion

Water travels back to sea due to gravity

Constructive waves: strength of their swash and backwash

Strong swash, weak backwash

Constructive waves: height and frequency

Low in height, less frequent

Constructive waves: conditions

Calm conditions with little wind

Destructive waves: strength of their swash and backwash

Weak swash, strong backwash

Destructive waves: height and frequency

Tall and steep in height, closely spaced and frequent

Destructive waves: does what to the beach

Strong backwash removes sediment from beach

Define concordant coastline

Where folding / arrangement of rock types are parallel to coast

A concordant coastline means..

Alternating layers of hard and soft rock lay in same direction as coastline

Erode at similar speeds

Define discordant coastline

Where folding / arrangement of rock types are perpendicular to coast

A discordant coastline means..

Less resistant rocks erode at a quicker pase than more resistant rocks

Explain the formation of a headland and bay (3)

Discordant coastline where alternating layers of hard and soft rock lie perpendicular to coastline

Rocks eroded by erosion, eg. hydraulic action

Softer rock erodes more, forming bays

Harder rock erodes less, forming headlands

Diagram of formation of headland and bay

Explain the formation of a coastal stump (4)

On discordant coastline’s headland, crack opened up by erosion eg. hydraulic action

Crack grows into cave, then an arch

Land above arch becomes unstable due to chemical weathering eg. acid rain and collapses

Leaving a tall rock stack, which erodes into a stump

Explain the formation of a wave-cut notch and wave-cut platform (4)

Sea attacks base of cliff between high and low water mark

Wave-cut notch formed by erosion eg. hydraulic action – this is an undercut in the cliff

As notch increases in size, cliff becomes unstable and there is mass movement into the sea

Backwash carries away eroded material, leaving behind wave-cut platform

Diagram of formation of coastal stump

Diagram of formation of a wave-cut notch and wave-cut platform

Define longshore drift

Movement of material / sediment along coastline due to direction a prevailing wind hits coastline

Explain the process of longshore drift (3)

Prevailing wind hits shore at an angle of about 45 degrees

Waves (swash) move up beach at same angle, and move back down beach due to gravity, at 90 degrees

Within waves, sediment carried via transportation processes eg. traction, saltation along the beach

Explain the formation of a sand spit and salt marsh (3)

Prevailing wind hits shore at 45 degree angle, bringing waves with them

Angled swash and backwash transport material along coast via traction and saltation (longshore drift)

When encountering curve in coast, it’s “protected” from prevailing wind, so deposition occurs and spit is formed

Salt marsh formed behind due to sheltered nature

Explain the formation of a recurved sand spit and salt marsh (2)

(explain how a sand spit is formed)

If prevailing wind direction changes, so do direction of waves

Shift in deposition occurs, so recurved sand spit and salt marsh are formed

Explain how a bar and lagoon are formed (3)

Prevailing wind hits shore at 45 degree angle, bringing waves with them

Angled swash and backwash transport material along coast via traction and saltation (longshore drift)

Between 2 headlands, deposition occurs as constructive waves have little energy

Over time bar is formed across bay, which is now a lagoon

Explain the formation of a beach (3)

Eroded material that has been transported from somewhere else then deposited by the sea

Constructive waves build up beaches due to strong swash and weak backwash

Waves must have little energy so beaches form in sheltered areas eg. bays

5 factors relating to coastal erosion

Settlements, tourism, infrastructure, construction, agriculture

Are settlements impacted by, or impacting coastal erosion?

Impacted by

Explain how settlements are impacted by coastal erosion:

• Coastal zone uk population

• Eg. at ..

20mil in uk live within coastal zone

Eg. at holderness, over 29 villages lost due to coastal erosion in past millennium

Is tourism impacted by, or impacting coastal erosion?

Both impacted by and impacting