AP Psychology UC Scout Semester 2 Final

Psychopathology

study of psychological disorders

Subjective discomfort

person feels like something is wrong

Social nonconformity

not complying w/ your culture's standard for normal behavior

Loss of control

person cannot change behaviors/thoughts on their own

Maladaptive

harms your daily life and makes it more challenging

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

- is used to diagnose individuals for psychological disorders

- most recent version is DSM-5

- is atheoretical: doesn't include specific causes for disorders, so any psychologist can use DSM to give patient what they feel is the best treatment

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

series of books that listed medical illnesses, symptoms, and causes

Different theories of abornomal behavior

- Psychoanalytic perspective: due to balance between id, ego, and superego, and childhood trauma

- Humanistic perspective: issue w/ how person views themselves, self-esteem, oversensitivity to judgment of others

- Cognitivists: irrational thoughts manifest into symptoms

- Behaviorists: conditioning goes wrong

- Biological: brain-based disease

Eclectic

believe in variety of perspectives

David Rosenhan

- he believed it was important to label the symptom of a disorder and not the person

- Him and others went to different hospitals saying they heard empty thuds in their head, and all got diagnosed w/ a mental illness

- Once admitted, they never complained of the symptom but still labeled mentally ill

- Their normal behaviors were seen as further symptoms of a mystery disorder

Cluster A

odd/eccentric behaviors

Paranoid personality disorder

- distrust in others, avoidance of close relationships, reading into others to look for hidden meanings, and blaming others

- cluster A

Schizoid personality disorder

- avoid relationships, little social contact/interaction, weak social skills, humorless

- cluster A

Schizotypal personality disorder

- bizarre patterns of thought, speech, and mannerisms, believe they have extrasensory abilities

- cluster A

Cluster B

dramatic/emotional behaviors

Antisocial personality disorde

- criminal prone behavior, lack of conscience, aggressiveness, and impulsivity

- Psychopathic and sociopathic describe these symptoms

- cluster B

Borderline personality disorder

- mood instability, impulsivity, suicidal thoughts, and self harm

- cluster B

Histrionic personality disorder

- attention seekers, exaggerated language, clothing, and mannerisms

- cluster B

Narcissistic personality disorder

- exaggerated self-esteem, self-centered, inconsiderate

- cluster B

Cluster C

anxious/fearful behaviors

Avoidant personality disorder

- social anxiety, fear of being rejected, want social interaction but feel not capable of doing so

- cluster C

Dependent personality disorder

- neediness, clingy, oversensitivity to what people say, and feeling of helplessness

- cluster C

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

- focus on orderliness and perfection to the point that it interferes w/ task completion and avoiding working w/ others

- cluster C

Generalized anxiety disorder

- excessive and unrealistic anxiety, free floating (changes from source to source), restlessness, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems, and trouble concentrating

- Diagnosed: symptoms cause distress and are out of control, and present for at least 6 months

Panic disorder

brief periods of intense and uncontrollable anxiety, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, confusion, chest pain, difficulty breathing

Phobias

- intense and irrational fears of specific objects or situations

- Diagnosed: symptoms present for at least 6 months and causes clinically significant distress

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)

pattern of repeated and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) followed by unwanted behaviors (compulsions) that occur in an effort to reduce anxiety

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

- avoidance of event of location, persistent intrusive thoughts of event, distorted cognitions and moods, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance, and startled responses

- Diagnosed: symptoms present for at least 4 weeks and often accompanied by social isolation, depression, and substance abuse

Major depressive disorder

- Depressed mood, less interest in activities you used to enjoy, weight loss/gain, oversleeping/insomnia, fatigue, feeling worthless/guilty, difficulty thinking/focusing, thoughts of death

- Diagnosis: 5 or more symptoms present everyday for 2 weeks

Persistent depressive disorder

2 or more symptoms of major depressive disorder (usually a more mild form) for 2+ years

Bipolar disorder

periods of depression and mania/hypomania (mild mania)

Bipolar 1

manic episode followed by hypomania or depressive episode

Bipolar 2

depression w/ at least one hypomanic episode

Manic episode

unrestrained euphoria, decreased need for sleep, feeling pressured to talk, disconnected ideas, distracted, recklessness, hyper-focused behavior

Schizophrenia diagnosis

- Exhibits 2 of following symptoms:

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior (odd or lacking movement), and negative symptoms (deficits of speech, motivation, or emotions)

- At least one symptom has to be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech

Negative symptoms

absent in people w/ schizophrenia but present in normal people

Positive symptoms

present in people w/ schizophrenia but absent in normal people

Schizoaffective disorder

symptoms of schizophrenia plus symptoms of depression or mania

Causes of schizophrenia

genetics, hyper-responsive dopamine receptors in brain, large ventricles or fluid-filled cavities in the brain, mid-pregnancy viral infection

Dissociative disorders

- splitting of normal consciousness and identity

- Dissociative identity disorder, Dissociative amnesia, Dissociative fatigue

Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

two or more distinct personalities

Dissociative amnesia

period of memory loss, typically of autobiographical memories, caused by a stressor

Dissociative fatigue

desire to flee or leave home

Somatic disorders

- physical complaints that cause distress

- Somatic symptom disorder, Conversion disorder, Illness anxiety disorder

Somatic symptom disorder

multiple unexplained physical complaints that disrupts life, excessive worries about symptoms

Conversion disorder

loss of physical function of body that can follow a traumatic event

Illness anxiety disorder

hyper-focused on developing a disease which leads to them worrying about their health

Anorexia nervosa

starving yourself to reach perfection

Bulimia nervosa

bingeing and then purging (laxative use, vomiting, exercise)

Binge-eating disorder

no purge after binge cycles

Neurodevelopmental disorders

- brain-based disorders presented during childhood

- autism, ADHD, tic, tourettes

Autism spectrum disorders

- appear during first 3 years of life

- Deficits in social communication, 2+ symptoms of restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors (motor movements, inflexibility of routine, over/under sensitivity of stimuli)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

inattention, lack of follow-through, losing things, easily distracted, hyperactivity, impulsivity

Tics

recurrent motor movements (blinking, head jerking) or vocalizations (yelping, sniffing)

Tourettes

presence of multiple motor and at least one vocal tics that occur daily for more than a year

Psychotherapy

psychological techniques used to facilitate positive change in someone

Trepanning

boring a hole in skull to allow bad spirits to exit brain

Exorcism

ritual to rid body of demonic spirits

Jean Martin Charcot

used hypnosis to treat hysteria

Josef Breuer

used hypnosis and his patient "Anna O" got help from "talking cure"

Psychoanalytic therapies

hope to create an insight of unconscious motives to help patients

Insight therapies

if you understand source of symptoms, you will be able to control them better

Free association

patient talks about anything that comes to mind

Resistance

attempt by patient to block progression of therapy

Transference

patient projects feelings to psychoanalyst

Humanist therapies

hope to guide clients to a more conscious insight for them to reach self-actualization

Roger's Client Centered Therapy

- client guides most of discussions

- Goal is to create an "atmosphere of growth" which includes:

1. Unconditional positive regard

2. Authenticity: facilitator is honest and genuine

3. Empathy

4. Active listening: facilitator rephrases and clarifies client's thoughts rather than interprets them or makes suggestions

Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy

- psychological distress is due to people reciting harmful thoughts to themselves

- ABC: Activating experience → triggers false Beliefs → emotional Consequence (doing bad on test → thinking you're a failure → depression)

Selective perception

focusing on negatives instead of positives

Overgeneralization

thinking one event will extend to other events

All-or-nothing thinking

events are seen as all great or all bad

Mary Cover Jones

counter conditioned Little Albert children by giving them something they enjoyed when the rat was in the room

Joseph Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization

reduces anxiety in phobias by pairing relaxation techniques with anxiety-provoking situations

Desensitization hierarchy

each session builds up in anxiety rather than starting with a high-anxiety situation

Aversion therapy

- pairs unpleasant stimulus with a bad behavior

- treats alcohol addiction

Token economy

uses tangible rewards to reinforce positive behavior

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT/shock therapy)

electric current passing through brain helps with depression

Prefrontal lobotomy

severs frontal lobe from rest of brain to reduce impulsive actions and emotional outbursts

Pharmacotherapy

medical treatments through use of drugs

Psychotropics

drugs that alter one's mental state

Anti-anxiety drugs

- treat anxiety and tension

- Side effects: impaired alertness, addiction, overdose

Valium and Xanax

Antidepressants

- treat symptoms of depression

- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): block reabsorption of unused serotonin

- Side effects: nausea, dizziness, nervousness

- Prozac and Zoloft

Mood-stabilizers

- treat bipolar disorder by reducing severity of manic and depressive episodes

- Lithium

Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)

- treat agitation, delusions, and hallucinations

- Block dopamine transmission

- Side effects: dry mouth, muscle tremors, tardive dyskinesia (involuntary facial movement)

- Thorazine and Haldol

Central route of persuasion

rely on facts to persuade someone

Peripheral route of persuasion

rely on emotions and smaller details

Mere exposure effect

the more you're exposed to a message, you're more likely to change your mind

Cognitive dissonance

experience uncomfortable feelings when your attitude and behavior don't align

Justification

justify our behavior to get rid of cognitive dissonance

Attributions

ways we try to explain causes of things we see

Situational cause

we guess that a cause of a behavior is attributed to an event

Dispositional attribute

we guess that a cause of a behavior is related to that person's personality

Fundamental attribution error

tendency to underestimate power of a situation and overemphasize personality of someone

Just-world phenomenon

tendency to feel that people get what they deserve so we victim blame them

Self-serving bias

tendency to be overgenerous to ourselves when making attribution calls

Social roles

- expected behaviors we have as a function of our position and relationships

- ascribed and achieved roles

Obedience

- change behavior due to presence of authoritative figure

- Milgram study

Compliance

change behavior because an unauthoritative figure asks you to

Foot-in-the-door

ask for a small request that person will likely say "yes". Then you ask for a larger request that you were hoping for all along

Door-in-the-face

ask for a large favor that they will probably decline. Then ask for a small favor that they will say "yes" to