APWH Unit 4

What did primogeniture laws do?

They gave the eldest son of a family all of the estate

What was the Omani-European rivalry?

The Kingdom of Oman had forts set up along the Indian Ocean trade route, and Europe wanted the forts to be removed, so a rivalry began.

What is a maritime empire? Give specific examples.

Empires based on sea travel. Some examples include Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? What did he do?

Portuguese ruler who greatly encouraged maritime exploration and funded many explorations along Africa's coast.

How did caravels improve maritime technology?

Caravels allowed sailors to survive storms better. They were designed by Portugal in the 15th century.

What were magnetic compasses originally used for?

Fortune telling in China

What is the function of a magnetic compass?

Helped steer a ship in the right direction

Who made improvements to the astrolabe? When?

Muslim navigators, the 12th century

What is the function of an astrolabe?

Let sailors find their position based on the equator

Who developed the caravel?

The Portuguese in the 15th century

What is cartography?

Mapmaking, helped sailors to navigate

Which demographic pressure led to a lack of work and food for workers?

Population growth

Which demographic pressure enforced that all estates went to the eldest son?

Primogeniture laws

Which demographic pressures search for a place to settle where they could be treated with tolerance?

Religious minorities

How did rivalries develop as more Europeans joined the Indian Ocean Trade?

Europeans competed with Middle Easterns for dominance in the Indian Ocean Trade.

What did Columbus's voyages get from the Americas?

Sugar, tobacco, and rum

What did Columbus's voyages get from Africa?

enslaved people

What did Columbus's voyages get from Asia?

Silk, Spices, and rhubarb

How did the extensive trade impact Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland?

They became sea based Empires called Maritime Empires

How did Western European countries develop naval technologies as a combination of old and new practices?

Western Europeans combined Greek astrology with Islamic and Asian sailing techniques to create new maritime ideas and technology.

How was Al-Andalus impactful to the creation of maritime practices and trade routes?

Al-Andalus was the location of diffusion between European and Islamic ideas

How was Prince Henry impactful to the creation of maritime practices and trade routes?

He supported exploration and funded expeditions along Africa's coast

How did Newton's discovery of gravity impact trade and travel?

It increased knowledge of tides. Sailors now knew when the shore would be shallow, which exposed dangerous rocks.

How did Astronomical Charts impact trade and travel?

Astronomical charts guided a ships direction

What kind of maritime technology used square and lateen sails, was used for trade, and was used by the Portuguese?

A Carrack

What kind of maritime technology used lateen sails, was made for long voyages at great speed, and was used by Portugal and Spain?

A Caravel

What kind of maritime technology used square sails, was used for trade, and was used by the Dutch?

The Fluyt

What kind of maritime technology was a ship sail in the shape of a triangle, used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean, and could catch wind on either side of the ship?

The lateen sail

What are the long term results of techniques on exploration, gunpowder, Islam, and Africa?

Exploration: rapid expansion of exploration and trade

Gunpowder: Sea pirates used the new maritime technology including gunpowder

Islam and Africa: Islam spread rapidly as Africa thrived with trade and new technology

For the longest time, ____________ had a monopoly on European trade with Asia.

Italian Cities

What was the motive of conquests for power through taxes, new trading opportunities, and silver?

Conquests

What was the motive of conquests of power that led to European states expanding to claim territory before others?

Rivalries

What was the motive of conquests of power that led to Europeans seeking out people in other lands to convert them?

Religion

How did states measure wealth?

How much gold and silver the state had

What is the government's role in a state?

The government had to sell goods to other countries and minimize the goods they bought from other countries. This is called mercantilism.

Who first led the way European exploration?

Portugal

What was the significance of Prince Henry the Navigator?

He was the first to sponsor seafaring expeditions and under his rule, Portugal began importing slaves.

What was the significance of Bartholomew Diaz?

He sailed around the southern tip of Africa. However he went beyond where his expedition was expected to go, so he turned around in fear of mutiny.

What is the significance of Vasco Da Gama?

He claimed territory for Portugal and he expanded Portugal's trade in the Indian Ocean.

What was the significance of Afonso de Albuquerque?

He won a battle with Arab traders and set up a factory in Malacca.

How did China's role change after Zheng He's expeditions?

China stopped exploring

How did the presence of Portugal effect China?

Portuguese traders did not bring much change to China, however, the Roman Catholic traders that followed the Portuguese traders converted some Chinese people.

How did the Portuguese try to control trade networks? Summarize their efforts.

They built forts from Hormuz to Gao. They wanted to control the spice trade. The forts changed Portugal to a trading post empire.

Describe the issues that made Portugal vulnerable. Who began challenging them in East Asia?

Portugal was small, so it lacked workers and ships. They were challenged by Dutch and English rivals.

What great success involved Spanish ships?

Ferdinand Magellan's ships were the first to circumnavigate the world.

The Spanish annexed the Philippines in 1521 and returned to conquer the Filipinos in 1565. How did this impact Manila and the Filipinos specifically?

Manilla became a Spanish commercial center, and many Filipinos became Christians because of Portuguese and Spanish occupations.

What rekindled European interest in the Americas? What did the Europeans realize?

When the Spanish came in contact with the Aztecs and the Incas, Europe regained interest in the Americas. Europe realized that they could grow wealthy by raising sugar, tobacco, and other crops by enslaving people.

Explain how various states utilized silver, making it a dominant force in the global economy.

-Europeans exchanged silver for luxury goods

-Manila galleons allowed silver trade to flourish

-Silver became China's primary currency

What were France's primary goals?

-Find NW passage

-Find Gold

Who were some important French people?

-Jacques Cartier

-Samuel de Champlain

What is some important info about France?

-Rarely settled permanently

-Traded with Native Americans and had better relationships with them

-Claimed much of North America for France

What were the primary goals of the English?

-Find NW passage

-settle in America

-find resources in America

Who is an important figure of the Europeans?

John Cabot

What are some important facts about the English?

-Defeated 1/3 of Spanish Armada

-Founded Quebec

-Founded Jamestown

What were the primary goals of the Dutch?

Find NW passage

Who were the important figures of the Dutch?

Henry Hudson

What is some important information about the Dutch?

-Founded New Amsterdam

-Traded with lands as far north as Canada

What did Jacques Cartier do?

Claimed land in Canada for France

What did John Cabot do?

-He looked for the NW passage and was unsuccessful

-Claimed lands for the English

-Established Quebec

What did Samuel de Champlain do?

He realized there were valuable goods in the Americas

What did Henry Hudson do?

-Discovered Hudson Bay and Hudson River

-Sailed the Hudson River to see if it led to Asia

What is mercantilism?

selling more than you buy

What is a trading post Empire?

and empire based on small outposts rather than the control of large territories

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

a Portuguese explorer who led a crew and Spanish ships on a journey to circumnavigate the globe; he died on the trip

what are galleons?

heavily armed Spanish ships that increased the trade of silver

What is the Northwest Passage?

a waterway through or around North America that would lead to Asia

What is the Columbian Exchange?

Interactions between the eastern and western hemisphere that involved the exchange of disease, food, and animals.

What were Engenhos?

Engines; refers to the laborious work that African slaves suffered on sugarcane plantations

What is a cash crop?

A crop produced purely to sell and make money rather than for subsistance

What is the African Diaspora?

the spreading of African people and culture around the world

What is a creole?

a combination of west African and European languages

Why the indigenous lack the immunities the Europeans had?

They were isolated, so they did not develop immunities

What was the relationship between the eastern and western hemispheres before contact with one another?

They were isolated

What else began to settle in the Americas along with colonists?

Spanish conquistadors, they brought smallpox

Why was the disease in the Americas one of the greatest population disasters in history?

They were not immune to the diseases, so they lost 50-90% of their population

What was the significance pigs, cows, wheat, and grapes in the Eastern hemisphere?

They became staples of the American diet

What was the significance horses in the western hemisphere?

Indians could hunt efficiently so they a surplus of food

What was the significance of maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao in the western hemisphere?

They caused tremendous population growth

During the 16th and 17th centuries, millions of Africans were kidnapped by slave traders, yet the population in Africa grew. Why?

Nutritious foods were introduced to Africa

Which cash crop did Portugal focus on growing? What did it need to grow?

Sugarcane; a tropical climate

Why did Portugal have a labor shortage for sugarcane?

Disease took out much of the Indigenous population

What was the transatlantic slave trade?

The Transatlantic Slave Trade was a Route from Africa, where slaves were traded for guns, rum, and other finished products.

How were Africans in the Americas able to keep their culture?

They lost their languages, but created new ones called creole. Music was a way of carrying on tradition and communicating

How did the Columbian exchange effect the environment?

Colonists chopped down many trees, which led to deforestation and soil erosion. European colonists also lived in densely populated areas which caused concentrated pollution and a strain on water sources.

Compare and contrast the crops and impact of trade on the eastern and western hemispheres.

the exchange of crops in the Eastern hemisphere caused better nutrition and increased population, whereas in the western hemisphere it caused deforestation and soil erosion. The western hemisphere also suffered more disease.

What is an indentured servant?

Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America

What is Chattel slavery?

An enslaved person who is owned forever and their children are automatically enslaved

What did Francisco Pizzaro do?

He attacked the Inca and captured Atahualpa (ruler). He said he would only give Atahualpa back if the Incas filled a room full of gold. The Inca complied.

What is an Encomenderos?

a landowner that compelled indigenous to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

What is the Hacienda system?

Coerced labor to work the fields

What is the middle passage?

The middle part of a slave's journey. It went across the Atlantic. Slaves were given little food, water, and space.

Describe the effect of the growth of the plantation economy.

There was an increased demand for indigenous workers, and there was physical migration.

Who were the first Europeans to set up trading posts on the African Coast?

The Portuguese

How did trade with Europe give some African city-states a military advantage?

Some African states were given gunpowder and cannons.

How did Dahomey grow wealthy?

They raided other villages and sold those Africans to European merchants.

How does artwork from Africa prove that European traders made inroads into the Kongo and Benin Kingdoms?

The artwork bears signs of European influence such as the European "Intruder"

What was the effect of Vasco de Gama's invasion of the Swahili city-states?

The area was thrown into a decline

Why did the Japanese government ban Christianity in 1587?

Many Japanese people were converting to Christianity, and some of those Christians were destroying Buddhist temples.

Describe Japan by 1630:

The government had expelled all foreigners, banned foreign books, and prevented the travelling of Japanese people.

Describe Japan from 1630-1830:

Japan was isolated, but allowed some Dutch to live in Nagasaki. Trade with China continued.