biomed: immune system

innate immunity

inborn/natural

adaptive immunity

acquired, unnatural

helper t cells

regulate and control

killer t-cells

patrol the body

regulatory t cells

supress other t cells (put an end)

defend

defend against other microorganisms

clean up

remove damaged tissue

surveillance

identify and destroy abnormal body cells

memory

memorize pathogens so can be identified and dealt with quickly

immune system stem cell

common lymphoid progenitor

phagocytes

cells that absorb pathogens

plasma cells

derive from b cells and produce antibodies

innate immunity speed

fast, hours after infection

adaptive immunity speed

slow, days or weeks after infection

1st line of innate defense

epithelial barrier, GI and respiratory tract, urogenital tract

2nd line of innate defense

nk cells, phagocytes, interferons, antimicrobial proteins

antimicrobial proteins

proteins that fight against pathogens such as lysozymes

lysozyme

antimicrobial enzyme found in innate immune response

3rd line of innate defense

fever and inflammation

skin ph level

3-5 making it acidic which inhibits bacteria growth

epidermis

tight junctions that are impermeable to most substances

goblet cells

cells in the epidermis that produce antimicrobial proteins

GI tract

secretes HCL and protein-digesting enzymes

saliva

contains lysozyme

respiratory tract

nose hairs filter particles and cilia sweep bacteria away

alveoli

contains macrophages

interferons

antiviral proteins that are secreted by virus infected cells. they act as signalers that bring other immune cells to area of infection

types of interferons

gamma, alpha and betta

cytokines

proteins that attract cells to site of infection

complement proteins

membrane attacking proteins that create holes in membrane that cause a cell to swell and die

inflammation signs

redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function

cells important to inflammation

macrophages, basophils, mast cells

macrophages

type of phagocyte that secretes cytokines

basophils

secrete heparin and histamine to cause vasolidation, which brings neutrophils to infected site

vasolidation

blood vessels widen

mast cells

secrete histamine and prostaglandins to produce vasolidation

what can mast cells cause?

swelling and pain due to increasing capillary permability

chronic inflammation

causes proliferation of damaged cells and causes immunodeficiency

immunodeficiency

failure or abscence of elements in the immune system

antigen presenting cells

connection between innate and adaptive immune systems,

what do antigen presenting cells do?

activate t cells

eosinophils

cause allergic reactions

how do nk cells kill

produce perforins and granzymes

nk cells

induce apoptosis

apoptosis

good cell suicide

perforins

pore forming cytolytic proteins

cytolytic

the destruction of a cell

humoral immunity

produces antibodies and driven by B cells

cell mediated immunity

done by t cells

step 1 of adaptive response

recognition of antigens

adaptive recognition

done by mhcII and mhcI proteins that let the bacteria in

step 2 of adaptive response

lymphocyte selection and activation

lymphocyte selection and activation

done by t and b cells

3rd step of adaptive response

destruction of foreign substance

destruction of foreign substance

done by antibodies

step 4 of adaptive response

memorization

memorization in adaptive response

done by memory t and b cells

how many antigens in one pathogen

multiple

mhc proteins

major histocompatibility complex proteins

MHC I proteins

binds to fragments of foreign antigens and presents to cytotoxic t cells for immune response

MHC II

produced by antigen presenting cells and present foreign antigen to helper t cells

types of antigen presenting cells

b cells, macrophages, dendritic cells due to ingesting antigens

dendritic cells

migrate from skin to lymph nodes and organs to present antigens for activation of t cells

what are dendritic cells in the skin?

langerhan cells

b lymphocytes

recognize free pathogens

t lymphocytes

recognize infectious or cancerous body cells

cytotxic t cells

nk cells of the adaptive response

what activates b cells

helper t cells

b cell differentiations

memory b cells or plasma cells

immunoglobulin

another name for antibody

shape of antibodies

Y shaped

GAMED

classes of antibodies

IgG location

crosses placenta

IgA location

in tears, sweat and saliva

IgM

first to show up and hold border until IgG arrives

IgE location

docks on mast cells and basophils surface

IgD location

on the surface of b cells

IgG function

destroys bacteria toxins and viruses

IgA function

neutralizes pathogens

IgE function

allergic response and provides inflammatory response

IgD function

sensitizes b cells

opsonization

tags pathogens so they are consumed by macrophages or neutrophils

agglutintation

AB cause agglutination of cells to become more visible to phagocytes

what antibody does agglutination

IgM

lag period

when no antibodies are being produced during adaptive response

hypersensitivity disorders

allergic responses caused by allergens

allergens

antigens that produce an allergic response

treatment of hypersensitivity disorders

antihistamine drugs

scid

severe combined immunodeficiency disease, lack of both B and T cells

scid treatment

bone marrow transplant