Population Dynamics, Urbanization, and Environmental Sociology

These flashcards cover key concepts related to population dynamics, urbanization, and environmental sociology as discussed in lecture notes.

Demography

Scientific study of human populations, including birth rates, death rates, and migration.

Fertility Rate

The number of births per woman in a specific period.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Life Expectancy

The average lifespan of individuals in a population.

Migration

The movement of people across borders for various reasons.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply, leading to famine.

Demographic Transition Theory

A model that describes the transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as a country develops.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Push Factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their homes, such as poverty or war.

Pull Factors

Attractions that draw people to new areas, such as jobs or education.

Environmental Sociology

The study of how society impacts the environment and vice versa.

Sustainability

The ability to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Environmental Racism

The disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on poor and minority communities.

Treadmill of Production

The idea that capitalism requires constant growth, which leads to environmental destruction.

Environmental Justice

The fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens.

Collective Behavior

Spontaneous and unplanned behavior that occurs when large groups of people interact.

Social Movement

An organized group that aims to create or resist social change.

Emergence Stage

The initial stage of a social movement where a problem is identified.

Coalescence Stage

The stage of a social movement where people organize and protests begin.

Resource Mobilization Theory

A theory that social movements succeed when they have sufficient resources, including money and media.

Relative Deprivation

A perception of being deprived of something to which one believes they are entitled.

Cultural Lag

The time it takes for non-material culture to adjust to changes in material culture.